{"id":12271,"date":"2012-11-27T04:01:09","date_gmt":"2012-11-27T04:01:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=12271"},"modified":"2015-07-07T11:41:30","modified_gmt":"2015-07-07T04:41:30","slug":"il-suffit-dajouter-des-arbres-comment-le-verdoiement-des-jungles-de-beton-va-aider-a-sadapter-a-un-monde-en-rechauffement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/12271\/il-suffit-dajouter-des-arbres-comment-le-verdoiement-des-jungles-de-beton-va-aider-a-sadapter-a-un-monde-en-rechauffement","title":{"rendered":"Il suffit d’ajouter des arbres: Comment le verdoiement des jungles de b\u00e9ton va aider \u00e0 s\u2019adapter \u00e0 un monde en r\u00e9chauffement"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a>
Ogbete Market, Enugu, Nigeria. Jide Odukoya Photography<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

JEJU, Cor\u00e9e du Sud (10 septembre 2012)_Les gens s’entassent sous des parapluies au march\u00e9 Ogbette dans la ville nig\u00e9riane d’Enugu pour tenter de se prot\u00e9ger de la chaleur \u00e9touffante, qui peut atteindre les 39 degr\u00e9s Celsius. Mais suivez les motos \u00e0 trois roues, les keke napep<\/em>, en dehors du centre-ville et vous allez trouver l’environnement naturel avec une temp\u00e9rature beaucoup plus agr\u00e9able de 29 degr\u00e9s Celsius.<\/p>\n

L’obsession de remplacer les jungles r\u00e9elles par celles en b\u00e9ton a engendr\u00e9 l\u2019augmentation \u00e9pouvantable des temp\u00e9ratures dans les villes, en cr\u00e9ant ce que les scientifiques appellent \u00ab \u00eelots de chaleur urbaine<\/a> \u00bb.<\/p>\n

Et le manque de verdure aux centres des villes a des r\u00e9percussions importantes sur la mani\u00e8re par laquelle les citadins sont en mesure de faire face aux d\u00e9fis d’un monde en r\u00e9chauffement, dit Emilia Pramova, une scientifique d\u2019adaptation au changement climatique au Centre de Recherche Foresti\u00e8re Internationale et co-auteur d\u2019une pr\u00e9sentation<\/a> tenue lors du Congr\u00e8s mondial de la nature<\/a> \u00e0 Jeju, en Cor\u00e9e du Sud la semaine derni\u00e8re.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Le d\u00e9veloppement urbain remplace souvent les surfaces v\u00e9g\u00e9talis\u00e9es – qui procurent de l’ombre, de la fra\u00eecheur, de l’interception des eaux de pluie, des fonctions de stockage et d’infiltration. Avec l\u2019imperm\u00e9abilit\u00e9 des surfaces construites, aucun de ces services ne peuvent \u00eatre fournis \u00bb, dit-elle.<\/p>\n

Selon un rapport de l\u2019ONU<\/a> publi\u00e9 en 2007, plus de la moiti\u00e9 de la population mondiale vit d\u00e9sormais dans des villes comme Enugu. On estime que la population de l’Afrique va plus que doubler d’ici 2050, atteignant les 1,9 milliards, dont la majeure partie devrait se produire en Afrique subsaharienne d\u00e9vast\u00e9e par la pauvret\u00e9. Alors que la croissance est encore essentiellement rurale, la future croissance d\u00e9mographique du continent se localisera dans les zones urbaines, entra\u00eenant des cons\u00e9quences importantes pour les urbanistes et les d\u00e9cideurs politiques.<\/p>\n

Les \u00e9tudes sur la situation urbaine d\u2019Enugu recommandent une augmentation de 50 pour cent de la couverture r\u00e9sidentielle d\u2019arbres, n\u00e9anmoins il a \u00e9t\u00e9 prouv\u00e9 que la plantation de seulement dix pour cent de plus d\u2019arbres dans les centres-villes domin\u00e9s par le b\u00e9ton, comme la ville britannique de Manchester, diminue la temp\u00e9rature de surface de plus de 2 \u02daC et r\u00e9duit les d\u00e9bits d’eau exc\u00e9dentaire de fortes pluies jusqu’\u00e0 six pour cent.<\/p>\n

Mais, comme le souligne Madame Pramova, les \u00e9tudes sur les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes urbains en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral se sont surtout focalis\u00e9es sur les pays d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

\u00ab La recherche sur le r\u00f4le des for\u00eats pour l’adaptation \u00e0 la variabilit\u00e9 climatique en milieu urbain des pays en d\u00e9veloppement en est encore \u00e0 ses d\u00e9buts \u00bb, dit-elle.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Les centres urbains des pays en voie de d\u00e9veloppement sont confront\u00e9s \u00e0 des d\u00e9fis plus complexes, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que beaucoup d’entre eux n’ont pas suffisamment d\u2019infrastructures \u00ab grises \u00bb (par exemple ponts, syst\u00e8mes d’\u00e9gouts) et de grandes parties de leurs populations vivent dans des bidonvilles et d’autres zones \u00e0 hauts risques \u00e9tant sujets aux catastrophes et mal \u00e9quip\u00e9s pour l\u2019adaptation. Ils font face \u00e0 de multiples dangers et risques, et de multiples mesures seront n\u00e9cessaires en suppl\u00e9ment des strat\u00e9gies vertes. \u00bb<\/p>\n

Ce qui entrave aussi le progr\u00e8s est le co\u00fbt \u00e9lev\u00e9 de la cr\u00e9ation de nouveaux grands espaces verts dans des zones urbaines existantes. Ainsi, les d\u00e9cideurs politiques devraient tirer le meilleur parti de toutes les possibilit\u00e9s, en tenant compte de toutes les options allant des jardins sur les toits et plantations d’arbres dans les rues \u00e0 la conversion de certaines rues en corridors verts.<\/p>\n

Les initiatives de verdoiement urbain pourraient \u00e9galement \u00eatre li\u00e9es aux politiques d’att\u00e9nuation, telles que la r\u00e9duction de la consommation d’\u00e9nergie pour la climatisation et les programmes sectoriels, qui peuvent fournir un financement partiel.<\/p>\n

Cependant, les strat\u00e9gies pour g\u00e9rer le changement climatique dans les zones urbaines devraient \u00e9galement envisager les \u00ab r\u00e9seaux \u00e9cologiques \u00bb pour utiliser le r\u00f4le important des for\u00eats dans d’autres r\u00e9gions et aussi pour renforcer les corridors biologiques.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Nous commen\u00e7ons \u00e0 voir le d\u00e9veloppement de syst\u00e8mes verts. A P\u00e9kin, par exemple, ils proposent une strat\u00e9gie bas\u00e9e sur les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes o\u00f9 les r\u00e9gions (entretien de la for\u00eat naturelle), les villes (parcs et corridors verts) et les quartiers (verdoiement des routes) participent tous pour accro\u00eetre les b\u00e9n\u00e9fices globaux \u00bb, d\u00e9clare Madame Pramova.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

L\u2019adaptation bas\u00e9e sur les \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes en action : six histoires<\/a> <\/strong>de CIFOR<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n


\nCe travail fait partie du CGIAR Programme de Recherche sur les For\u00eats, les Arbres et l\u2019Agroforesterie<\/a><\/em><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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