{"id":12207,"date":"2012-11-27T03:27:03","date_gmt":"2012-11-27T03:27:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=12207"},"modified":"2015-11-12T10:18:33","modified_gmt":"2015-11-12T03:18:33","slug":"la-deforestation-due-a-lexploitation-miniere-au-congo-est-bien-plus-que-un-trou-dans-la-canopee","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/12207\/la-deforestation-due-a-lexploitation-miniere-au-congo-est-bien-plus-que-un-trou-dans-la-canopee","title":{"rendered":"La d\u00e9forestation due \u00e0 l’exploitation mini\u00e8re au Congo est bien plus que \u00ab un trou dans la canop\u00e9e \u00bb"},"content":{"rendered":"

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A la recherche du cuivre, Katanga, R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo. Photo par Fairphone\/Flikr<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie (16 juillet 2012)_Vu du ciel, une exploitation mini\u00e8re pourrait ressembler \u00e0 \u00ab un petit trou dans le canop\u00e9e \u00bb – visuellement une empreinte plus petite que l’effet des autres principaux processus de production de produits de base – tels que l’agriculture de plantation, admet le chercheur Louis Putzel du CIFOR. Cependant, en termes de perte totale de for\u00eat, une mine peut causer des dommages beaucoup plus importants en faisant appel \u00e0 une main-d’\u0153uvre importante et une infrastructure de support, selon un document<\/a> de travail r\u00e9cent du CIFOR sur le commerce et l\u2019investissement chinois dans le bassin du Congo.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Les routes pour atteindre la mine ouvrent l’acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la for\u00eat \u00bb, explique Mr Putzel, qui est l’auteur principal du document de travail. \u00ab Ensuite, il y a les gens qui viennent en raison des opportunit\u00e9s. Cette migration humaine peut avoir un effet sur les for\u00eats du site de la mine et aussi sur les villages voisins en raison de la nouvelle demande en terres agricoles et en bois de feu. \u00bb<\/p>\n

Le bassin du Congo d\u00e9tient la deuxi\u00e8me plus grande for\u00eat humide<\/a> du monde, ce qui repr\u00e9sente environ 18 pour cent de la jungle tropicale mondiale. Elle est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre en tant que habitat des chimpanz\u00e9s et des bonobos. Mais c’est aussi une destination de choix pour les chasseurs<\/a>, les exploitants ill\u00e9gaux et les prospecteurs miniers. Au cours des dix derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, l’extraction mini\u00e8re majeure dans le bassin du Congo a augment\u00e9 d\u2019au moins vingt fois.<\/p>\n

La Chine – bien qu\u2019un arrivant relativement r\u00e9cent dans cette ru\u00e9e vers les ressources – a d\u00e9j\u00e0 r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 s\u2019assurer une part importante du commerce de min\u00e9raux au bassin du Congo pour elle-m\u00eame. Les importations chinoises de minerais et min\u00e9raux en provenance d’Afrique sont pass\u00e9es de 350 millions de dollars en 2000 \u00e0 7 milliards de dollars en 2009. Plus de 40 pour cent de ce total provenaient uniquement de la R\u00e9publique d\u00e9mocratique du Congo (RDC). Qu’est-ce que l’entr\u00e9e d’un tel investisseur gourmand en ressources signifie alors pour les for\u00eats du bassin du Congo?<\/p>\n

Vue que la Chine n’est pas un pays de l\u2019Organisation de Coop\u00e9ration et de D\u00e9veloppement Economique (OCDE), elle n’est pas li\u00e9e aux crit\u00e8res d\u2019\u00e9valuation d\u2019impacts environmentaux de l\u2019OCDE <\/a> pour les aides aux pays en voie de d\u00e9veloppement. Cela dit, d\u00e8s les ann\u00e9es 1990 P\u00e9kin avait d\u00e9j\u00e0 d\u00e9cid\u00e9 unilat\u00e9ralement de \u00ab restreindre le cr\u00e9dit aux industries [aux entreprises chinoises] pour polluer ou nuire \u00e0 l’environnement autrement\u00bb, comme indiqu\u00e9 dans un autre document de travail<\/a> du programme sino-africain du CIFOR. \u00c0 partir de 2005, le Conseil d’\u00c9tat chinois a renforc\u00e9 cet \u00ab encouragement \u00bb en ordonnant \u00ab les banques de retirer le cr\u00e9dit des entreprises qui ne respectent pas la politique industrielle nationale et les normes environnementales \u00bb.<\/p>\n

Ces mesures pourraient aider \u00e0 att\u00e9nuer les atteintes \u00e0 l’environnement par les grands projets miniers conjoints sino-africain o\u00f9 le gouvernement de l’\u00c9tat chinois est le principal partenaire, une cat\u00e9gorie qui repr\u00e9sente l’essentiel des investissements miniers chinois document\u00e9s dans le bassin du Congo. Mr Putzel souligne cependant qu’il y a aussi un nombre croissant de l\u2019investissement sans-papiers dans des op\u00e9rations mini\u00e8res \u00ab artisanales \u00bb \u00e0 petite \u00e9chelle<\/a> qui pourraient \u00eatre sans suivi.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Il est plus difficile de conna\u00eetre les conditions dans lesquelles les min\u00e9raux sont obtenus dans les mines artisanales \u2013 est-ce que les mineurs b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient d’une protection suffisante? Re\u00e7oivent-ils un salaire \u00e9quitable pour leur travail? Il y a quelques agences qui tentent de g\u00e9rer ces effets, tels que le Service de la RDC pour l’assistance et l’encadrement des l’exploitations mini\u00e8res artisanales et \u00e0 petite \u00e9chelle (SAESSCAM). Mais il est difficile de savoir s’il y a suffisamment de capacit\u00e9 pour surveiller cette activit\u00e9. \u00bb<\/p>\n

Les activit\u00e9s mini\u00e8res en RDC \u00e0 large \u00e9chelle et document\u00e9es ont tendance \u00e0 \u00eatre des exploitations plus \u00e2g\u00e9es et d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9tablies, tel que l\u2019investissement de 6 milliards USD du gouvernement chinois dans la concession Sicomines pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment d\u00e9tenue par la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 mini\u00e8re Gecamines de l\u2019\u00c9tat de la RDC. Sur de tels sites, comme l\u2019indique Mr Putzel, \u00ab la majeure partie de la d\u00e9forestation associ\u00e9e s’est produite il y a longtemps \u00bb.<\/p>\n

Ce n’est pas n\u00e9cessairement le cas avec les mines \u00ab artisanales \u00bb, qui emploient aujourd’hui environ 700.000 personnes en RDC.<\/p>\n

\u00ab Le mouvement d’un grand nombre de personnes vers les terres foresti\u00e8res est un probl\u00e8me avec les petites mines, vu que l’exploitation mini\u00e8re \u00e0 petite \u00e9chelle implique g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des mines plus \u00e9tal\u00e9es. \u00bb<\/p>\n

Pour un coup d’\u0153il sur ces impacts sur l’environnement, vous pouvez utiliser des outils de t\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection mises \u00e0 disposition au public, tel que Google Earth, dit Mr Putzel. Prenons par exemple un petit site minier de cobalt d\u2019une entreprise chinoise en RDC du Sud-Est. En volant \u00e0 environ 3 kilom\u00e8tres au-dessus de la canop\u00e9e, la r\u00e9gion au nord de la mine appara\u00eet comme une couverture de vert, une jungle florissante. Regardez vers le sud et vous voyez du sol nu autour d’un groupement de maisons et tentes, parsem\u00e9 seulement par quelques arbres.<\/p>\n

Une telle perspective met en \u00e9vidence la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d’un suivi, ajoute Mr Putzel. \u00ab La t\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection peut montrer o\u00f9 est-ce que les gens vivent et l’exploitation mini\u00e8re a lieu. En travaillant sur le terrain, vous pouvez mieux \u00e9valuer les changements dans l’acc\u00e8s aux for\u00eats dus aux activit\u00e9s mini\u00e8res actuelles \u00bb.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie (16 juillet 2012)_Vu du ciel, une exploitation mini\u00e8re pourrait ressembler \u00e0 \u00ab un petit trou dans le canop\u00e9e \u00bb – visuellement une empreinte plus petite que l’effet des autres principaux processus de production de produits de base – tels que l’agriculture de plantation, admet le chercheur Louis Putzel du CIFOR. Cependant, en […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":62,"featured_media":10225,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,161,95],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[3080],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[546],"class_list":["post-12207","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-deforestation","category-human-wellbeing","language-francais","tag-francais-deforestation"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLa d\u00e9forestation due \u00e0 l'exploitation mini\u00e8re au Congo est bien plus que \u00ab un trou dans la canop\u00e9e \u00bb - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/12207\/la-deforestation-due-a-lexploitation-miniere-au-congo-est-bien-plus-que-un-trou-dans-la-canopee\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La d\u00e9forestation due \u00e0 l'exploitation mini\u00e8re au Congo est bien plus que \u00ab un trou dans la canop\u00e9e \u00bb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"  BOGOR, Indon\u00e9sie (16 juillet 2012)_Vu du ciel, une exploitation mini\u00e8re pourrait ressembler \u00e0 \u00ab un petit trou dans le canop\u00e9e \u00bb – visuellement une empreinte plus petite que l’effet des autres principaux processus de production de produits de base – tels que l’agriculture de plantation, admet le chercheur Louis Putzel du CIFOR. 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