{"id":11412,"date":"2012-11-07T06:40:00","date_gmt":"2012-11-06T23:40:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=11412"},"modified":"2015-08-24T15:38:52","modified_gmt":"2015-08-24T08:38:52","slug":"au-nepal-lhomme-et-le-tigre-se-partagent-les-memes-espaces","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/11412\/au-nepal-lhomme-et-le-tigre-se-partagent-les-memes-espaces","title":{"rendered":"Au N\u00e9pal, l’homme et le tigre se partagent les m\u00eames espaces"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/a>
Baghmara Wildlife Resort.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Le partage et la pr\u00e9servation des terres font l\u2019objet de nombreux articles scientifiques qui cherchent \u00e0 d\u00e9terminer laquelle de ces deux solutions serait la meilleure pour pr\u00e9server la biodiversit\u00e9 mondiale (Godfray et al.<\/em> 2010, Perfecto et Vandermeer 2010, Phalan et al.<\/em> 2011, Tscharntke et al.<\/em> 2012). Les partisans de la pr\u00e9servation des terres avancent que la meilleure fa\u00e7on de conserver la biodiversit\u00e9 est d’intensifier encore plus la production agricole sur les terres les plus fertiles afin que d’autres espaces puissent \u00eatre r\u00e9serv\u00e9s \u00e0 la faune sauvage.<\/p>\n

Quant aux d\u00e9fenseurs du partage des terres, pour pr\u00e9server la biodiversit\u00e9 et assurer l’alimentation et l’approvisionnement en bois d’une population en augmentation constante, ils pr\u00f4nent des pratiques durables d’utilisation des sols, respectueuses de la faune sauvage, limitant l’emploi des pesticides et permettant la gestion d’exploitations diversifi\u00e9es. Bien que la biodiversit\u00e9 ait des dimensions multiples et que les m\u00e9thodes pour la mesurer soient par cons\u00e9quent nombreuses, les \u00e9tudes montrent que les pr\u00e9dateurs sup\u00e9rieurs jouent un r\u00f4le fondamental dans la r\u00e9gulation des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes et que leur pr\u00e9sence est associ\u00e9e en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral \u00e0 une plus grande biodiversit\u00e9 (Sergio et al.<\/em>2005). La question primordiale pour les tenants du partage des terres est de savoir s’il est effectivement possible \u00e0 l’homme et aux pr\u00e9dateurs sup\u00e9rieurs de partager le m\u00eame espace.<\/p>\n

Un article de Carter et al.<\/em> (2012), publi\u00e9 r\u00e9cemment dans les Actes de l’Acad\u00e9mie am\u00e9ricaine des sciences<\/em>, r\u00e9pond \u00e0 cette question en examinant au N\u00e9pal la capacit\u00e9 des tigres \u00e0 vivre \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 de l’homme dans le parc national de Chitwan et dans ses alentours. Il est int\u00e9ressant d’\u00e9tudier les tigres dans ce contexte car il s’agit d’une esp\u00e8ce menac\u00e9e \u00e0 l’\u00e9chelle de la plan\u00e8te et consid\u00e9r\u00e9e en voie d’extinction en raison du braconnage et aussi de la concurrence avec l’homme concernant l’espace et la nourriture (Karanth et al.<\/em> 2010).<\/p>\n

Le parc national de Chitwan est une r\u00e9serve pilote qui a re\u00e7u d’importantes aides financi\u00e8res de l’\u00c9tat n\u00e9palais comme du WWF. L’arm\u00e9e n\u00e9palaise patrouille aussi activement le parc pour pr\u00e9venir les activit\u00e9s ill\u00e9gales. On sait que le nombre de tigres est \u00e9lev\u00e9 dans son enceinte alors que la population vivant dans les environs est relativement dense (plus de 200 personnes au km2<\/sup>). Ces conditions sont donc id\u00e9ales pour \u00e9tudier si l’homme et un pr\u00e9dateur sup\u00e9rieur peuvent effectivement se partager le m\u00eame espace.d\u00e9veloppement afin d’assurer leur propre s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire.<\/p>\n

\u00c0 cela, se sont rajout\u00e9es l’\u00e9mergence du march\u00e9 des biocarburants, les plantations foresti\u00e8res et l’expansion des cultures de base telles que celle du palmier \u00e0 huile. Cela a engendr\u00e9 un transfert de pans entiers du domaine forestier mondial du contr\u00f4le de l’\u00c9tat aux mains des propri\u00e9taires priv\u00e9s, entra\u00eenant au passage l\u2019extraction de pr\u00e9cieuses ressources foresti\u00e8res, et notamment du bois d’\u0153uvre.<\/p>\n

N.H. Carter et ses coll\u00e8gues ont analys\u00e9 des donn\u00e9es recueillies en 2010 et 2011 gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 des cam\u00e9ras d\u00e9tectant les mouvements install\u00e9es dans le parc de Chitwan et aux alentours de celui-ci. Au cours de ces deux ann\u00e9es, non seulement le nombre de tigres \u00e9tait tout \u00e0 fait \u00e9lev\u00e9, mais il a \u00e9t\u00e9 constat\u00e9 avec \u00e9tonnement qu\u2019il \u00e9tait \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s \u00e9quivalent dans le parc et dans ses environs.<\/p>\n

M\u00eame si le nombre de personnes enregistr\u00e9 \u00e0 l’ext\u00e9rieur du parc \u00e9tait plus important, leur pr\u00e9sence \u00e0 l’int\u00e9rieur de celui-ci n’\u00e9tait pas n\u00e9gligeable pour autant ; en effet, globalement, 85 % des d\u00e9tections concernaient l’homme. Les chercheurs eux-m\u00eames ont \u00e9t\u00e9 surpris de d\u00e9couvrir que ni les hommes \u00e0 pied (pour la cueillette ou le ramassage des ressources foresti\u00e8res) ni ceux se d\u00e9pla\u00e7ant en voiture (le personnel de l’arm\u00e9e en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral) n’avaient une influence significative, d’apr\u00e8s les statistiques, sur la pr\u00e9sence probable des tigres. Si 20 % des d\u00e9tections de tigres dans le parc ont \u00e9t\u00e9 observ\u00e9es dans la journ\u00e9e, en dehors de celui-ci en revanche, ce chiffre tombe \u00e0 5 % aux m\u00eames heures. Les scientifiques pensent donc que ces f\u00e9lins adaptent leurs activit\u00e9s au cours de la journ\u00e9e en fonction de la pr\u00e9sence de l’homme en \u00e9tant moins actifs quand l’activit\u00e9 des habitants est plus forte.<\/p>\n

Les conclusions de cette \u00e9tude, tr\u00e8s encourageantes, sont d’une grande importance dans le d\u00e9bat sur le partage et la pr\u00e9servation des terres : il semble qu’il soit en effet possible pour l’homme et certains pr\u00e9dateurs sup\u00e9rieurs de vivre sur les m\u00eames terres. Si les pr\u00e9dateurs sup\u00e9rieurs sont de bons indicateurs de la biodiversit\u00e9, il n’est peut-\u00eatre pas n\u00e9cessaire alors de d\u00e9placer les populations locales et de restreindre l’ensemble de leurs activit\u00e9s de mani\u00e8re draconienne dans l’optique de sauvegarder des esp\u00e8ces telles que les tigres.<\/p>\n

Naturellement, les r\u00e9sultats de cette \u00e9tude doivent \u00eatre v\u00e9rifi\u00e9s ailleurs pour pouvoir en tirer une g\u00e9n\u00e9ralit\u00e9. Il y a quelques raisons de penser que le cas de Chitwan est peut-\u00eatre le meilleur des sc\u00e9narios. En effet, Chitwan re\u00e7oit une aide exceptionnelle sur les plans financier, politique et technique, ce qui le distingue tr\u00e8s nettement de bon nombre des autres parcs nationaux du monde, et en particulier de ceux des pays en d\u00e9veloppement. D’autre part, tous les pr\u00e9dateurs ne sont pas capables d’adapter leur comportement au cours de la journ\u00e9e aussi bien que les tigres.<\/p>\n

L’article n\u2019\u00e9voque pas non plus une \u00e9ventuelle incidence d’actions pr\u00e9datrices des tigres visant l’homme ou son b\u00e9tail, qui pourraient inciter la population \u00e0 \u00eatre nettement moins dispos\u00e9e \u00e0 partager son espace avec des pr\u00e9dateurs sup\u00e9rieurs. N\u00e9anmoins, c’est un r\u00e9el espoir que les r\u00e9sultats de cette \u00e9tude apportent \u00e0 ceux qui croient \u00e0 la possibilit\u00e9 de la coexistence pacifique de l’homme et d’un pr\u00e9dateur sup\u00e9rieur.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Le partage et la pr\u00e9servation des terres font l\u2019objet de nombreux articles scientifiques qui cherchent \u00e0 d\u00e9terminer laquelle de ces deux solutions serait la meilleure pour pr\u00e9server la biodiversit\u00e9 mondiale (Godfray et al. 2010, Perfecto et Vandermeer 2010, Phalan et al. 2011, Tscharntke et al. 2012). Les partisans de la pr\u00e9servation des terres avancent que […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":74,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[137,13,95],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[2999],"coauthors":[697],"class_list":["post-11412","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-forest-management-restoration","category-governance","category-human-wellbeing","language-francais","type-francais-analyses"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAu N\u00e9pal, l'homme et le tigre se partagent les m\u00eames espaces - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/11412\/au-nepal-lhomme-et-le-tigre-se-partagent-les-memes-espaces\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Au N\u00e9pal, l'homme et le tigre se partagent les m\u00eames espaces\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Le partage et la pr\u00e9servation des terres font l\u2019objet de nombreux articles scientifiques qui cherchent \u00e0 d\u00e9terminer laquelle de ces deux solutions serait la meilleure pour pr\u00e9server la biodiversit\u00e9 mondiale (Godfray et al. 2010, Perfecto et Vandermeer 2010, Phalan et al. 2011, Tscharntke et al. 2012). 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