{"id":1107,"date":"2012-12-17T10:10:00","date_gmt":"2012-12-17T10:10:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/?p=1107"},"modified":"2015-08-24T15:38:52","modified_gmt":"2015-08-24T08:38:52","slug":"mondialisation-concessions-forestieres-organisations-de-conservation-et-populations-locales-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/1107\/mondialisation-concessions-forestieres-organisations-de-conservation-et-populations-locales-2","title":{"rendered":"Mondialisation, concessions foresti\u00e8res, organisations de conservation et populations locales"},"content":{"rendered":"

Par Robert Nasi<\/a>, Directeur du Programme de recherche du CGIAR sur les for\u00eats, les arbres et l’agroforesterie<\/p>\n

Une opinion fr\u00e9quemment r\u00e9pandue dans les pays d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s est que les organisations de conservation \u00ab font du bien \u00bb lorsqu’elles proposent des activit\u00e9s de d\u00e9veloppement \u00e0 petite \u00e9chelle pour am\u00e9liorer les conditions de vie des populations locales dans les zones foresti\u00e8res \u00e9loign\u00e9es, comme dans le Sud-Est du Cameroun. De m\u00eame, les concessions foresti\u00e8res sont souvent vues comme sources de conflit \u00e0 propos de l’utilisation des ressources ou de la d\u00e9gradation environnementale alors qu’elles affirment promouvoir le d\u00e9veloppement local, sans que cela se traduise vraiment dans la r\u00e9alit\u00e9. On consid\u00e8re aussi que de nombreuses r\u00e9gions \u00e9loign\u00e9es, comme en Afrique centrale, sont un peu \u00e0 l’abri des ravages caus\u00e9s par les crises et les cycles financiers qui agitent notre monde d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 alors qu’elles souffrent quand m\u00eame du pillage de leurs ressources naturelles sans en tirer beaucoup d’avantages au plan local. <\/p>\n

Deux articles publi\u00e9s r\u00e9cemment  par des \u00e9quipes de scientifiques appartenant \u00e0 divers instituts (Sayer <\/a>et al<\/a>.<\/i> 2012, Lescuyer et al<\/i><\/a>. 2012) brossent un tableau tout en nuances et plus complexe que ce st\u00e9r\u00e9otype, assez diff\u00e9rent du point de vue g\u00e9n\u00e9ral bien tranch\u00e9, en noir et blanc, sur les relations entre les secteurs, l’environnement et les populations locales des for\u00eats tropicales. <\/p>\n

Lescuyer et al.<\/i> montrent que l’am\u00e9lioration des moyens de subsistance dans les for\u00eats du Cameroun d\u00e9pend principalement de facteurs macro-\u00e9conomiques tels que le prix des denr\u00e9es, une meilleure infrastructure routi\u00e8re et de nouvelles techniques agricoles. Les populations locales ne d\u00e9pendent pas autant de la for\u00eat qu’on le suppose g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement, et les concessionnaires, sans tenir toutefois tous leurs engagements, n’emp\u00eachent pas les villageois de profiter de nouvelles opportunit\u00e9s \u00e9conomiques ou d’utiliser les ressources foresti\u00e8res, du moment que leurs interventions n’affectent pas l’exploitation foresti\u00e8re. On pourrait qualifier leur attitude d’indiff\u00e9rence \u00ab bienveillante \u00bb. <\/p>\n

Dans leur article, Sayer et al.<\/i> expliquent que l’investissement direct \u00e9tranger est la cl\u00e9 pour faire sortir de la pauvret\u00e9 les populations de ces r\u00e9gions \u00e9loign\u00e9es et, en refusant cet investissement, les organisations de conservation maintiennent peut-\u00eatre les populations dans la mis\u00e8re. En m\u00eame temps, la mondialisation atteint les populations les plus pauvres des r\u00e9gions les plus \u00e9loign\u00e9es en les exposant \u00e0 la volatilit\u00e9 des march\u00e9s mondiaux. Par exemple, la faillite d’ENRON aux \u00c9tats-Unis a entra\u00een\u00e9 dans sa chute la mine de cobalt de Lomi\u00e9 au Cameroun dans laquelle il avait investi et qui a ferm\u00e9 quelques mois apr\u00e8s. Dans cette m\u00eame r\u00e9gion, la suspension de l’exploitation foresti\u00e8re provoqu\u00e9e par la crise financi\u00e8re a contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 une d\u00e9t\u00e9rioration des indicateurs de la biodiversit\u00e9 et des moyens de subsistance car les personnes ayant perdu leur emploi sont repris le braconnage et le d\u00e9boisement pour vivre. <\/p>\n

Ces deux articles notent certains impacts n\u00e9gatifs quand les activit\u00e9s foresti\u00e8res ne sont pas men\u00e9es correctement, mais ceux-ci semblent relativement modestes comparativement aux effets b\u00e9n\u00e9fiques potentiels d’une exploitation foresti\u00e8re satisfaisante (par exemple, cas des concessions certifi\u00e9es). La contribution des activit\u00e9s foresti\u00e8res \u00e0 l’\u00e9conomie locale a plus d’impact sur les conditions de vie des populations locales que certains petits projets d’\u00e9co-d\u00e9veloppement soutenus par des ONG de conservation. <\/p>\n

Il ne faut pas pour autant mettre de c\u00f4t\u00e9 ces activit\u00e9s de d\u00e9veloppement \u00e0 petite \u00e9chelle car elles facilitent le dialogue entre deux opinions divergentes sur la nature et l’avenir et peuvent contribuer \u00e0 l’autonomisation locale n\u00e9cessaire afin que ces populations puissent d\u00e9cider par elles-m\u00eames des futures interventions. On doit toutefois \u00eatre conscient que l’avenir de la conservation et des conditions de vie dans ces r\u00e9gions foresti\u00e8res \u00e9loign\u00e9es sera conditionn\u00e9, en partie au moins, par des investissements ext\u00e9rieurs bien \u00e9tudi\u00e9s. Des investissements responsables et des pratiques foresti\u00e8res adapt\u00e9es peuvent en effet permettre de cr\u00e9er les conditions d’un meilleur avenir pour ces populations et ces for\u00eats, et inciter les investisseurs \u00e0 passer de l’indiff\u00e9rence bienveillante \u00e0 une attitude plus proactive favorisant le d\u00e9veloppement local. Une plus grande collaboration au niveau local sera n\u00e9cessaire entre les acteurs de la conservation, du secteur, de l’\u00c9tat et des communaut\u00e9s, qui auront tous voix au chapitre, et devront laisser de c\u00f4t\u00e9 tout pr\u00e9jug\u00e9. Les deux articles remarquent que ce ne sera ni facile ni rapide \u00e0 r\u00e9aliser mais un progr\u00e8s significatif peut \u00eatre accompli avec un investissement tr\u00e8s mod\u00e9r\u00e9. Le nombre des entreprises d\u2019exploitation foresti\u00e8re qui sont certifi\u00e9es et plus attentives aux besoins et aux aspirations des communaut\u00e9s locales est en hausse. C’est d\u00e9j\u00e0 bon signe. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Par Robert Nasi, Directeur du Programme de recherche du CGIAR sur les for\u00eats, les arbres et l’agroforesterie Une opinion fr\u00e9quemment r\u00e9pandue dans les pays d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s est que les organisations de conservation \u00ab font du bien \u00bb lorsqu’elles proposent des activit\u00e9s de d\u00e9veloppement \u00e0 petite \u00e9chelle pour am\u00e9liorer les conditions de vie des populations locales dans les zones […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[2999],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-1107","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-forests-news","language-francais","type-francais-analyses"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMondialisation, concessions foresti\u00e8res, organisations de conservation et populations locales - Landscape Alliance Forests 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