{"id":1103,"date":"2012-08-03T09:35:00","date_gmt":"2012-08-03T09:35:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/?p=1103"},"modified":"2015-08-24T15:38:53","modified_gmt":"2015-08-24T08:38:53","slug":"dans-larc-de-la-deforestation-au-bresil-une-pause-dans-le-conflit-entre-le-soja-et-les-forets","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/1103\/dans-larc-de-la-deforestation-au-bresil-une-pause-dans-le-conflit-entre-le-soja-et-les-forets","title":{"rendered":"Dans l\u2019arc de la d\u00e9forestation au Br\u00e9sil : une pause dans le conflit entre le soja et les for\u00eats ?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Par Christine Padoch<\/a>
\n Directrice de programme, Forests and Livelihoods Programme<\/p>\n

<\/a> <\/p>\n

Les for\u00eats pourront-elles survivre au train o\u00f9 vont l’augmentation de la demande mondiale en produits de base, tels que l’huile de palme, le soja et le b\u0153uf, et la diminution de la superficie des terres utilisables ? Peut-on mieux nourrir, habiller et loger les milliards d’habitants de la plan\u00e8te, dont la population ne cesse de cro\u00eetre, sans d\u00e9truire les for\u00eats tropicales? Un article publi\u00e9 r\u00e9cemment par plusieurs instituts am\u00e9ricains et br\u00e9siliens porte \u00e0 croire que cet objectif a peut-\u00eatre \u00e9t\u00e9 atteint dans le tristement c\u00e9l\u00e8bre arc de la d\u00e9forestation, situ\u00e9 en bordure sud de l’Amazonie br\u00e9silienne. Ceci serait gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la promotion d’une utilisation plus efficace des terres agricoles et \u00e0 la mise en place de mesures de lutte contre la d\u00e9forestation. <\/p>\n

En concentrant leur \u00e9tude<\/a> sur l’\u00e9volution r\u00e9cente de la production du soja et de la couverture foresti\u00e8re dans l’\u00c9tat du Mato Grosso, Marcia Macedo et ses collaborateurs montrent que le lien apparemment in\u00e9vitable entre croissance agricole et destruction foresti\u00e8re peut \u00eatre rompu et que les objectifs de conservation de la for\u00eat et d’une plus grande production d’aliments, de fibres et de bois de chauffage peuvent \u00eatre r\u00e9alis\u00e9s simultan\u00e9ment. <\/p>\n

Les auteurs ont ax\u00e9 leurs recherches sur le Mato Grosso de 2006 \u00e0 2010 quand cet \u00c9tat couvert de for\u00eat vierge a vu son taux de d\u00e9forestation, notoirement \u00e9lev\u00e9, chuter \u00e0 30 % de son niveau de la d\u00e9cennie pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente. En revanche, pendant cette m\u00eame p\u00e9riode, la production agricole du Mato Grosso a atteint des pics sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent. <\/p>\n

Marcia Macedo et ses collaborateurs ont associ\u00e9 des donn\u00e9es satellitaires et des informations statistiques recueillies par l’administration br\u00e9silienne sur l’\u00e9volution de l’occupation des sols et de la production agricole. Ils ont d\u00e9couvert que si 78 % de l\u2019augmentation de la production du soja de 2006 \u00e0 2010 \u00e9tait due \u00e0 l’expansion agricole dans de nouvelles zones (le Mato Grosso est le premier \u00e9tat br\u00e9silien pour la production de soja), 91% de cette expansion avait lieu sur des terres qui avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9frich\u00e9es auparavant, souvent pour l’\u00e9levage bovin. Elle ne s’\u00e9tait donc pas faite au d\u00e9triment de la for\u00eat. D’autre part, 22% de l\u2019augmentation de la production de soja provenait d’un rendement sup\u00e9rieur \u00e0 l’hectare. <\/p>\n

Les auteurs font remarquer que le recul du d\u00e9frichement de la for\u00eat \u00ab a co\u00efncid\u00e9 avec un effondrement des march\u00e9s des produits de base \u00bb, mais qu’\u00e0 la m\u00eame p\u00e9riode des politiques ont aussi \u00e9t\u00e9 mises en \u0153uvre pour r\u00e9duire le d\u00e9boisement. Ceci indique que la crise financi\u00e8re n’\u00e9tait pas seule \u00e0 l’origine d’un ralentissement de la d\u00e9forestation. Certes, la rentabilit\u00e9 de la fili\u00e8re du soja dans le Mato Grosso est remont\u00e9e ensuite \u00e0 des niveaux d’avant 2006 mais le d\u00e9boisement a continu\u00e9 de r\u00e9gresser, ce qui tend \u00e0 montrer que \u00ab les mesures de lutte contre la d\u00e9forestation ont peut-\u00eatre influenc\u00e9 le secteur agricole \u00bb. Si ces donn\u00e9es sont en effet tr\u00e8s prometteuses, elles soul\u00e8vent aussi d’importantes questions auxquelles les auteurs tentent de r\u00e9pondre. <\/p>\n

L’une des pr\u00e9occupations porte sur les \u00ab fuites \u00bb, c’est-\u00e0-dire la possibilit\u00e9 que la d\u00e9forestation \u00e9vit\u00e9e dans le Mato Grosso ait simplement \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9plac\u00e9e ailleurs. M. Macedo et al.<\/i> ont trouv\u00e9 peu de preuves de \u00ab fuites directement imputables \u00e0 l’expansion de la culture du soja \u00bb dans les r\u00e9gions \u00e0 cerrado proches, tr\u00e8s menac\u00e9es, du Mato Grosso. De plus, au cours de cette p\u00e9riode, le taux de d\u00e9forestation a \u00e9galement d\u00e9clin\u00e9 dans plusieurs \u00e9tats voisins de l’Amazonie br\u00e9silienne, au couvert forestier abondant. Pour les auteurs cependant, il ne faut pas pour autant \u00e9carter l’\u00e9ventualit\u00e9 de \u00ab changements d’utilisation des terres et de fuites vers des r\u00e9gions plus \u00e9loign\u00e9es \u00bb, indirects et non d\u00e9cel\u00e9s. <\/p>\n

L’autre question est \u00e9videmment de savoir si l’expansion de l\u2019agriculture sans accroissement de la d\u00e9forestation peut perdurer dans le Mato Grosso comme ailleurs. D’apr\u00e8s les auteurs, certaines \u00e9volutions r\u00e9centes permettent de penser que oui. L’\u00c9tat br\u00e9silien a beaucoup investi dans le suivi et dans l’application de mesures de lutte contre la d\u00e9forestation et a mis en place, avec certains groupes industriels, \u00ab des moyens puissants pour dissuader l’expansion sur les surfaces bois\u00e9es \u00bb. Cependant, les auteurs signalent que, dans le contexte d’une \u00e9conomie agricole br\u00e9silienne en plein essor, maintenir le recul de la d\u00e9forestation exigera d\u2019autres politiques incitatives pour promouvoir l’utilisation efficace des terres d\u00e9grad\u00e9es. Ceci d’autant plus que le d\u00e9veloppement des infrastructures facilite l’acc\u00e8s aux for\u00eats restantes de la r\u00e9gion et que l\u2019usage de nouvelles technologies augmente la rentabilit\u00e9 de leur exploitation potentielle. <\/p>\n

Les mises en garde des auteurs viennent fort \u00e0 propos car des rapports plus r\u00e9cents provenant de cette r\u00e9gion indiquent que le taux de d\u00e9forestation est peut-\u00eatre d\u00e9j\u00e0 en train de remonter, et que les effets d\u2019un code forestier controvers\u00e9<\/a> propos\u00e9 au Br\u00e9sil demeurent incertains. Il est difficile de pr\u00e9voir les nouvelles pressions que les prochaines envol\u00e9es \u00e9conomiques et autres flamb\u00e9es des cours des produits de base vont exercer sur les espaces bois\u00e9s restant dans les tropiques. <\/p>\n

Il est clair, cependant, que les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s et les \u00c9tats devront s\u00e9rieusement envisager des strat\u00e9gies et des politiques incitatives multidimensionnelles et appropri\u00e9es au contexte, s’ils esp\u00e8rent parvenir \u00e0 un \u00e9quilibre entre pressions \u00e9conomiques et n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de pr\u00e9server les for\u00eats et les multiples services qu’elles procurent. Dans cet article, Marcia Macedo et al.<\/i> r\u00e9ussissent \u00e0 d\u00e9montrer que l’\u00e9quilibre peut \u00eatre r\u00e9alis\u00e9, au moins dans une r\u00e9gion et pour un temps. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Macedo, M.N., DeFries, R.S., Morton, D.C., Stickler, C.M., Galford, G.L. et Shimabukuro, Y.E. 2012 Decoupling of deforestation and soy production in the southern Amazon during the late 2000s<\/a>. Actes de l’Académie américaine des sciences (PNAS), doi : 10.1073\/pnas.1111374109<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[2999],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-1103","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-forests-news","language-francais","type-francais-analyses"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDans l\u2019arc de la d\u00e9forestation au Br\u00e9sil : une pause dans le conflit entre le soja et les for\u00eats ? - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/1103\/dans-larc-de-la-deforestation-au-bresil-une-pause-dans-le-conflit-entre-le-soja-et-les-forets\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Dans l\u2019arc de la d\u00e9forestation au Br\u00e9sil : une pause dans le conflit entre le soja et les for\u00eats ?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Macedo, M.N., DeFries, R.S., Morton, D.C., Stickler, C.M., Galford, G.L. et Shimabukuro, Y.E. 2012 Decoupling of deforestation and soy production in the southern Amazon during the late 2000s. 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