{"id":1098,"date":"2012-02-10T13:08:00","date_gmt":"2012-02-10T13:08:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/?p=1098"},"modified":"2015-08-24T15:38:54","modified_gmt":"2015-08-24T08:38:54","slug":"de-la-foret-a-lassiette","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/1098\/de-la-foret-a-lassiette","title":{"rendered":"De la for\u00eat \u00e0 l\u2019assiette"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>   <span>Par Christine Padoch<\/span><br \/>\nDirectrice du programme For\u00eats et moyens de subsistance du Centre de recherche foresti\u00e8re internationale<\/p>\n<p>    Pratiquement depuis qu\u2019il vit sur  terre, l\u2019homme s\u2019est nourri en  puisant directement dans les richesses que lui offrent les  for\u00eats, les  prairies et autres grands espaces naturels. Apr\u00e8s s\u2019\u00eatre  abondamment  multipli\u00e9 et avoir transform\u00e9 la plan\u00e8te, l\u2019homme est maintenant surtout  un  urbain qui oublie souvent, ou ne comprend pas, la fonction des   for\u00eats qui continuent pourtant \u00e0 nourrir les milliards d\u2019individus qui   peuplent la terre.  <\/p>\n<p>   Un num\u00e9ro sp\u00e9cial de l\u2019<i>International Forestry Review <\/i>sur  les\u00ab&nbsp;for\u00eats, la biodiversit\u00e9 et la  s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire&nbsp;\u00bbtente   d\u2019\u00e9clairer le sujet pour combler cette lacune. En rassemblant   neuf&nbsp;articles r\u00e9dig\u00e9s par des auteurs issus de divers pays et de   disciplines vari\u00e9es \u2013 dont bon nombre sont pionniers dans leur domaine \u2013  les  \u00e9diteurs Terry Sunderland et Alan Pottinger souhaitent dissiper  l\u2019id\u00e9e re\u00e7ue selon  laquelle les for\u00eats ont cess\u00e9 d\u2019\u00eatre importantes sur  le plan de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9  alimentaire, en particulier en raison de  l\u2019accroissement de la population et de  l\u2019\u00e9volution de ses besoins. Ils  nous proposent un panorama d\u2019approches et de  points de vue, \u00e9tay\u00e9s par  une abondance de donn\u00e9es et d\u2019analyses pour savoir quelle est la  contribution des  for\u00eats \u00e0 la  s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire, \u00e0 la nutrition et  au bien-\u00eatre. L\u2019ensemble de  ces travaux est la preuve convaincante que  deux des grands d\u00e9fis d\u2019aujourd\u2019hui  n\u2019ont pas des objectifs  inconciliables&nbsp;: la protection  indispensable des for\u00eats et des  multiples services \u00e9cosyst\u00e9miques qu\u2019elles  fournissent, et l\u2019imp\u00e9ratif  de nourrir une population en  augmentation. Cependant,  s\u00e9par\u00e9ment ou  ensemble, ces articles mettent aussi en \u00e9vidence que les liens  entre  les for\u00eats et la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire sont multidimensionnels,  complexes,  souvent difficiles \u00e0 observer, \u00e0 d\u00e9montrer et \u00e0 mesurer.<b> <\/b>La  prise de conscience de la diversit\u00e9 sous ses  diverses formes et dans  toutes ses dimensions permettra de comprendre  l\u2019importance des  interd\u00e9pendances et aussi la difficult\u00e9 de leur mesure.  <\/p>\n<p>    L\u2019\u00e9ditorial de ce num\u00e9ro commence  par cette affirmation&nbsp;: \u00ab&nbsp;les for\u00eats  sont un  v\u00e9ritable tr\u00e9sor sur le plan de la biodiversit\u00e9 et, \u00e0 ce titre,  elles sont  fondamentalement indissociables de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire,  de la nutrition et  de la sant\u00e9 de l\u2019humanit\u00e9&nbsp;\u00bb. Plusieurs des articles  qui suivent pr\u00e9cisent les  divers aspects (g\u00e9n\u00e9tique, esp\u00e8ces et  syst\u00e8mes) de la contribution de la  biodiversit\u00e9 foresti\u00e8re \u00e0  l\u2019alimentation des populations rurales et urbaines. \u00c9tant donn\u00e9   qu\u2019environ un milliard d\u2019humains d\u00e9pendent de la cueillette pour se  nourrir et  en tirer un revenu, l\u2019apport direct des for\u00eats au r\u00e9gime  alimentaire est  consid\u00e9rable et souvent essentiel, m\u00eame s\u2019il n\u2019est pas  tr\u00e8s  visible aux yeux des urbains et des autorit\u00e9s. Par exemple, une   \u00e9tude de Nasi, Taber et Van Vliet montre que les seules for\u00eats du bassin  du  Congo fournissent quelque 4,5&nbsp;millions de tonnes de viande de  brousse par  an&nbsp;! Ceci  dote le r\u00e9gime alimentaire des populations  locales non seulement d\u2019un grand  nombre de calories mais aussi de  prot\u00e9ines et de micronutriments  indispensables. <\/p>\n<p>   Cependant,  la production  alimentaire des for\u00eats est peut-\u00eatre \u00e9clips\u00e9e, en termes  d\u2019importance, par  leur utilit\u00e9 pour la production alimentaire hors des  zones foresti\u00e8res. Comme T.&nbsp;Sunderland  l\u2019indique dans son article  intitul\u00e9 \u00ab&nbsp;Food security: why is  biodiversity important?&nbsp;\u00bb (Importance  de la biodiversit\u00e9 pour la s\u00e9curit\u00e9  alimentaire), le \u00ab&nbsp;capital  naturel&nbsp;\u00bb que les for\u00eats constituent pour  l\u2019agriculture doit \u00eatre  approfondi. Cela permettrait de mieux comprendre leurs  fonctions  essentielles et notamment, la r\u00e9gulation de la circulation et de la   qualit\u00e9 de l\u2019eau, les services \u00e9cosyst\u00e9miques de pollinisation et les   ressources en germoplasmes pour l\u2019am\u00e9lioration des cultures, l\u2019entretien  du  cycle des nutriments et de la fertilit\u00e9 du sol, l\u2019att\u00e9nuation des  extr\u00eames climatiques,  la lutte contre les parasites et les maladies en  agriculture. Ces services  \u00ab&nbsp;d\u00e9pendent tous, dans une plus ou moins  grande mesure, de la  biodiversit\u00e9, ou de certaines de ses composantes  ou processus qui sont  essentiels pour le maintien des syst\u00e8mes  agricoles&nbsp;\u00bb, y compris  des  exploitations agro-industrielles les plus  modernes.  <\/p>\n<p>   Cependant la bonne compr\u00e9hension  des relations  entre for\u00eats et s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire exige de prendre conscience  non  seulement de  la diversit\u00e9 biologique, mais aussi de la diversit\u00e9   sociale et culturelle de ceux qui utilisent, g\u00e8rent, agissent sur les  for\u00eats et  les syst\u00e8mes agroforestiers et en cr\u00e9ent m\u00eame de nouveaux.  Plusieurs  articles expliquent en d\u00e9tail les relations complexes,  divergentes et changeantes qui existent  entre les for\u00eats, la nutrition  et la sant\u00e9 dans des populations de cultures  diff\u00e9rentes, entre  des  groupes install\u00e9s depuis longtemps dans un endroit et d\u2019autres venant   d\u2019arriver, et aussi entre les hommes et les femmes. \u00c0 ce propos,  l\u2019expos\u00e9 de  Wan et Colfer est exhaustif sur le sujet du genre et le  domaine de la s\u00e9curit\u00e9  alimentaire.  <\/p>\n<p>   Il est primordial de  prendre la  mesure de la diversit\u00e9 biologique et culturelle si l\u2019on veut  mieux comprendre  le lien entre for\u00eats et alimentation, ainsi que la  profusion de ressources, de  services, de connaissances et de pratiques  qui en sont issus. Voici l\u2019essence  du message de la plupart des  articles de ce num\u00e9ro sp\u00e9cial. Cependant cette  richesse est aussi l\u2019une  des raisons pour lesquelles le r\u00f4le crucial des for\u00eats  sur le plan de   la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire n\u2019est pas appr\u00e9ci\u00e9 \u00e0 sa juste valeur. Les  champs de  c\u00e9r\u00e9ales, qui ondoient et m\u00fbrissent au soleil avant d\u2019\u00eatre  prestement  moissonn\u00e9s, sont bien plus faciles \u00e0 voir, \u00e0 mesurer et \u00e0  appr\u00e9hender que les  \u00ab&nbsp;plus de 400 esp\u00e8ces v\u00e9g\u00e9tales \u2026 provenant de  nombreux habitats et  faisant l\u2019objet de divers degr\u00e9s de gestion&nbsp;\u00bb  identifi\u00e9es par Laird,  Awung, Lysinge et Ndive comme les ressources  foresti\u00e8res sur lesquelles  comptent les communaut\u00e9s des alentours du  Mont Cameroun en Afrique centrale. Ce num\u00e9ro  sp\u00e9cial illustre l\u2019immense  utilit\u00e9 des for\u00eats et la surprenante diversit\u00e9 des  services qu\u2019elles  rendent en mati\u00e8re de s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire, pour les ruraux  comme pour  les urbains. D\u2019apr\u00e8s ce recueil, la r\u00e9ponse se trouve aussi dans la   diversit\u00e9&nbsp;:  celle des approches, des points de vue, des m\u00e9thodes et des  outils. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>  Arnold,  M; Powell, B.; Shanley, P.; Sunderland, T.C.H. 2011 Editorial: Forests,  biodiversity and food security. <em>International Forestry Review <\/em>13(3):  259-264<\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3576.html\">\/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3576.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>  Sunderland,  T.C.H. 2011 Food security: why is biodiversity important?. <em>International Forestry  Review <\/em>13(3): 265-274<\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3577.html\">\/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3577.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>  Laird,  S.A.; Awung, G.L.; Lysinge, R.J.; Ndive, L.E. 2011 The interweave of people and  place: biocultural diversity in migrant and indigenous livelihoods around Mount  Cameroon. <em>International Forestry Review <\/em>13(3): 275-293<\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3624.html\">\/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3624.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>  Dounias.  E.; Froment, A. 2011 From foraging to farming among present-day forest  hunter-gatherers: consequences on diet and health. <em>International Forestry  Review <\/em>13(3): 294-304<\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3625.html\">\/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3625.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>  Powell,  B.; Hall, J.; Johns, T. 2011 Forest cover, use and dietary intake in the East  Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. <em>International Forestry Review <\/em>13(3):  305-317<\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3677.html\">\/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3677.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>  Ibarra.  J.T.; Barreau, A.; Del Campo, C.; Camacho, C.I.; Martin, G.J.; Mccandless, S.R.  2011 When formal and market-based conservation mechanisms disrupt food  sovereignty: Impacts of community conservation and payments for environmental  services on an indigenous community of Oaxaca, Mexico. <em>International  Forestry Review <\/em>13(3): 318-337<\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3626.html\">\/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3626.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>  Jamnadass,  R.H.; Dawson, I.K.; Franzel, S.; Leakey, R.R.B.; Mith\u00f6fer, D.; Akinnifesi,  F.K.; Tchoundjeu, Z. 2011 Improving livelihoods and nutrition in sub-Saharan  Africa through the promotion of indigenous and exotic fruit production in  smallholders\u2019 agroforestry systems: a review. <em>International Forestry Review <\/em>13(3):  338-354<\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3611.html\">\/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3611.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>  Nasi,  R.; Van Vliet, N. 2011 Empty forests, empty stomachs? Bushmeat and livelihoods  in the Congo and Amazon Basins. <em>International Forestry Review <\/em>13(3):  355-368<\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3580.html\">\/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3580.html<\/a><\/p>\n<p>  Wan,  M.; Colfer, C. J. P.; Powell, B. 2011 Forests, women and health: opportunities  and challenges for conservation. <em>International Forestry Review <\/em>13(3):  369-387<\/p>\n<p>  <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3581.html\">\/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3581.html<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[2999],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-1098","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-forests-news","language-francais","type-francais-analyses"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>De la for\u00eat \u00e0 l\u2019assiette - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/1098\/de-la-foret-a-lassiette\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"De la for\u00eat \u00e0 l\u2019assiette\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Arnold, M; Powell, B.; Shanley, P.; Sunderland, T.C.H. 2011 Editorial: Forests, biodiversity and food security. International Forestry Review 13(3): 259-264  \/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3576.html    Sunderland, T.C.H. 2011 Food security: why is biodiversity important?. International Forestry Review 13(3): 265-274  \/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3577.html    Laird, S.A.; Awung, G.L.; Lysinge, R.J.; Ndive, L.E. 2011 The interweave of people and place: biocultural diversity in migrant and indigenous livelihoods around Mount Cameroon. International Forestry Review 13(3): 275-293  \/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3624.html    Dounias. E.; Froment, A. 2011 From foraging to farming among present-day forest hunter-gatherers: consequences on diet and health. International Forestry Review 13(3): 294-304  \/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3625.html    Powell, B.; Hall, J.; Johns, T. 2011 Forest cover, use and dietary intake in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. International Forestry Review 13(3): 305-317  \/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3677.html    Ibarra. J.T.; Barreau, A.; Del Campo, C.; Camacho, C.I.; Martin, G.J.; Mccandless, S.R. 2011 When formal and market-based conservation mechanisms disrupt food sovereignty: Impacts of community conservation and payments for environmental services on an indigenous community of Oaxaca, Mexico. International Forestry Review 13(3): 318-337  \/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3626.html    Jamnadass, R.H.; Dawson, I.K.; Franzel, S.; Leakey, R.R.B.; Mith\u00f6fer, D.; Akinnifesi, F.K.; Tchoundjeu, Z. 2011 Improving livelihoods and nutrition in sub-Saharan Africa through the promotion of indigenous and exotic fruit production in smallholders\u2019 agroforestry systems: a review. International Forestry Review 13(3): 338-354  \/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3611.html    Nasi, R.; Van Vliet, N. 2011 Empty forests, empty stomachs? Bushmeat and livelihoods in the Congo and Amazon Basins. International Forestry Review 13(3): 355-368  \/\/www.cifor.org\/nc\/online-library\/browse\/view-publication\/publication\/3580.html    Wan, M.; Colfer, C. J. P.; Powell, B. 2011 Forests, women and health: opportunities and challenges for conservation. 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