{"id":1093,"date":"2011-09-01T11:36:00","date_gmt":"2011-09-01T11:36:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/?p=1093"},"modified":"2015-08-24T15:38:55","modified_gmt":"2015-08-24T08:38:55","slug":"quelle-efficacite-des-aires-protegees-pour-la-conservation-de-la-biodiversite","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/1093\/quelle-efficacite-des-aires-protegees-pour-la-conservation-de-la-biodiversite","title":{"rendered":"Quelle \u00ab efficacit\u00e9 \u00bb des aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es pour la conservation de la biodiversit\u00e9 ?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Par Terry Sunderland
\nChercheur Senior, Center for International Forestry Research <\/p>\n

Les pratiques traditionnelles de conservation ont cr\u00e9\u00e9 des territoires o\u00f9 les activit\u00e9s humaines sont strictement contr\u00f4l\u00e9es voire interdites : c’est l’approche \u00ab forteresse \u00bb de la conservation. Il existe encore aujourd’hui d’ardents d\u00e9fenseurs d’une conservation de la biodiversit\u00e9 par la cr\u00e9ation d’aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es dans laquelle les co\u00fbts sociaux et \u00e9conomiques de l’exclusion sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la pr\u00e9servation de la diversit\u00e9 biologique pour le bien du plus grand nombre. Une telle approche, cependant, suscite un profond clivage d’opinions quant \u00e0 l’impact de telles aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es sur les communaut\u00e9s locales avec souvent, au premier rang des nombreuses controverses, des questions telles que les droits de l’homme, la justice sociale et les droits \u00e9conomiques des populations. <\/p>\n

Les compromis n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 l’expropriation des populations et les co\u00fbts \u00e9conomiques et sociaux qui en r\u00e9sultent sont-ils un prix acceptable \u00e0 payer pour conserver efficacement la biodiversit\u00e9 ? Il semble bien que non, mais o\u00f9 sont les preuves ?<\/p>\n

Un article r\u00e9cent de Porter-Bolland et al<\/i>. compare l’efficacit\u00e9 d’aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es (cat\u00e9gories I \u00e0 IV de l’UICN) et celle de for\u00eats g\u00e9r\u00e9es officiellement par les communaut\u00e9s o\u00f9 \u00ab de multiples usages sont permis dans le cadre d’une palette vari\u00e9e de r\u00e9gimes fonciers, de syst\u00e8mes de gouvernance et de partage des b\u00e9n\u00e9fices \u00bb. Ils d\u00e9finissent l’\u00ab efficacit\u00e9 \u00bb par l’\u00e9volution temporelle du couvert forestier. <\/p>\n

Bien que les auteurs admettent que la mesure de la modification du couvert v\u00e9g\u00e9tal est un indicateur grossier de l’int\u00e9grit\u00e9 environnementale, ces changements et les facteurs sous-jacents sont devenus une indication relativement fiable de l’efficacit\u00e9 des divers modes d’utilisation des terres sur la conservation de la biodiversit\u00e9, gr\u00e2ce en particulier \u00e0 un recours de plus en plus fr\u00e9quent \u00e0 la t\u00e9l\u00e9d\u00e9tection. <\/p>\n

Porter-Bolland et al<\/i>. comparent des \u00e9tudes de cas, s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9es dans la litt\u00e9rature, qui couvrent les trois principales r\u00e9gions tropicales : Am\u00e9rique latine, Afrique et Asie. Leurs conclusions sont plus que convaincantes et viennent appuyer le constat pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment \u00e9tabli par d’autres chercheurs, selon lequel une plus grande autonomie locale en mati\u00e8re de r\u00e9glementation va de pair avec une am\u00e9lioration de la gestion foresti\u00e8re et des conditions de vie. <\/p>\n

Porter-Bolland et al<\/i>. apportent la preuve manifeste que, dans l’ensemble, les for\u00eats g\u00e9r\u00e9es par les communaut\u00e9s font mieux que les aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es et affichent des taux annuels de d\u00e9forestation plus faibles et moins de variation dans les taux de perte du couvert forestier. Ils concluent que, si l’on veut pr\u00e9server la biodiversit\u00e9, les aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es ne repr\u00e9sentent peut-\u00eatre pas la meilleure solution et qu’elles ne sont certainement pas le moyen le plus \u00e9quitable socialement ou avantageux \u00e9conomiquement. <\/p>\n

Comment expliquer ces r\u00e9sultats, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l’efficacit\u00e9 de la gestion communautaire des for\u00eats a \u00e9t\u00e9 le sujet r\u00e9cent d’un examen critique ? D’abord, notons que la majorit\u00e9 des aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es cit\u00e9es (90 % des cas) sont g\u00e9r\u00e9es par les pouvoirs publics. Or le soutien des \u00c9tats \u00e0 la conservation se caract\u00e9rise souvent par un financement et des moyens limit\u00e9s, qui se traduisent par une mise en \u0153uvre insuffisante des mesures d\u00e9cid\u00e9es et par un non-respect de la r\u00e9glementation des aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es par les populations locales, qui n’h\u00e9sitent pas \u00e0 coloniser ces territoires pour leurs besoins. <\/p>\n

D’autre part, la majorit\u00e9 des cas analys\u00e9s se trouvent en Am\u00e9rique latine o\u00f9 des mouvements sociaux forts ont permis la mise en place de r\u00e9gimes fonciers et de syst\u00e8mes de gouvernance plus favorables aux populations locales et ont abouti \u00e0 une gestion communautaire des ressources naturelles plus efficace. <\/p>\n

Bon nombre de chercheurs et de gestionnaires ont reconnu depuis longtemps qu’une strat\u00e9gie de conservation plus robuste et r\u00e9siliente passe par un \u00e9ventail vari\u00e9 de modes d’utilisation des terres dans lesquels les besoins \u00e9conomiques et sociaux, les droits fonciers et les capacit\u00e9s des populations locales sont pris en compte. Pourtant, alors que l’\u00e9tendue et le nombre des aires prot\u00e9g\u00e9es s’accroissent d’ann\u00e9e en ann\u00e9e, la reconnaissance des besoins des populations et la prise en compte de leurs droits dans l’am\u00e9nagement du territoire sont le plus souvent n\u00e9glig\u00e9es. <\/p>\n

Avec le d\u00e9marrage des projets de REDD+, l’int\u00e9gration des populations locales dans la gestion des ressources naturelles, de la conception \u00e0 la mise en \u0153uvre, sera fondamentale si l’on veut obtenir les r\u00e9sultats escompt\u00e9s. Il sera \u00e9galement essentiel de r\u00e9duire au minimum les compromis entre conservation de la biodiversit\u00e9 et \u00e9quit\u00e9 sociale. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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