{"id":1089,"date":"2011-03-16T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2011-03-16T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/?p=1089"},"modified":"2015-08-24T15:40:08","modified_gmt":"2015-08-24T08:40:08","slug":"5-acteurs-5-tendances-un-ocean-de-complexite","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/1089\/5-acteurs-5-tendances-un-ocean-de-complexite","title":{"rendered":"5 acteurs, 5 tendances, un oc\u00e9an de complexit\u00e9"},"content":{"rendered":"

Par Christine Padoch<\/a><\/p>\n

Comment structurer un projet de REDD+ en Am\u00e9rique latine tropicale pour veiller \u00e0 ce qu\u2019il soit \u00e0 la fois efficace et \u00e9quitable ? Comment fournir de la nourriture, des v\u00eatements, des logements et des revenus \u00e0 une population de 109 millions d\u2019habitants qui augmente, tout en prot\u00e9geant les for\u00eats qui sont essentielles \u00e0 la sant\u00e9 de la plan\u00e8te ? En comprenant \u00e0 quel point les principaux acteurs du changement d\u2019affectation des terres sont vraiment diff\u00e9rents, en \u00e9laborant un ensemble d\u2019incitations et en faisant ensuite des choix tr\u00e8s difficiles, r\u00e9pondent Pablo Pacheco<\/a>, chercheur au CIFOR, et ses coll\u00e8gues, dans un article r\u00e9cent publi\u00e9 dans la revue Forests.<\/p>\n

Les personnes qui transforment les for\u00eats et les paysages dans les tropiques am\u00e9ricains vont de la famille de migrants d\u00e9pourvue de terres et d\u00e9frichant une parcelle de manioc en Am\u00e9rique du Sud \u00e0 la grande multinationale exp\u00e9diant des bois durs amazoniens \u00e0 une fabrique de meubles en Chine. Ces acteurs, leurs motivations et les cons\u00e9quences de leurs actes forment un ensemble tellement divers et dynamique que la simple compr\u00e9hension de ce qui se passe peut sembler incroyablement complexe. Pour aider chacun d\u2019entre nous, et en particulier ceux qui mettront en \u0153uvre les projets de REDD+, Pacheco et ses coll\u00e8gues \u2013 sans nier la complexit\u00e9 et le dynamisme de ce qui se passe \u2013 expliquent qui sont ces acteurs ainsi que les tendances qu\u2019ils repr\u00e9sentent et les paysages qu\u2019ils cr\u00e9ent. Dans leur article, ils classent les principaux acteurs en cinq groupes, souvent en concurrence, mais qui se chevauchent \u00e9galement couramment : les populations indig\u00e8nes, les agriculteurs traditionnels qui produisent des quantit\u00e9s limit\u00e9es de marchandises pour les march\u00e9s, les agriculteurs \u00e0 petite \u00e9chelle connaissant bien les march\u00e9s, les agriculteurs et \u00e9leveurs de b\u00e9tail commerciaux \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle et, enfin, les exploitants forestiers et les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s d\u2019exploitation du bois.<\/p>\n

Chacun de ces cinq groupes est associ\u00e9 \u00e0 une tendance majeure qui transforme les paysages de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique tropicale : (1) la croissance rapide de l\u2019agro-industrie, (2) l\u2019expansion et la modernisation de l\u2019\u00e9levage traditionnel de b\u00e9tail, (3) la croissance lente de l\u2019agriculture \u00e0 petite \u00e9chelle, (4) l\u2019exploitation dans les for\u00eats fronti\u00e8res et (5) la r\u00e9surgence des \u00e9conomies agro-extractives traditionnelles, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire la r\u00e9colte de produits non ligneux, souvent dans des r\u00e9serves accr\u00e9dit\u00e9es par le gouvernement. Chacune de ces tendances est \u00e0 son tour r\u00e9gie par les march\u00e9s mondiaux et les politiques nationales, et chacune a des cons\u00e9quences importantes sur les for\u00eats d\u2019Am\u00e9rique latine.<\/p>\n

Classer ces cinq tendances ne suffit pas \u00e0 les rendre simples : chacune d\u2019elle affecte les moyens de subsistance des populations de diverses mani\u00e8res et chacune d\u2019elle exige de faire des compromis entre le d\u00e9veloppement et la conservation des for\u00eats. L\u2019\u00e9valuation de Pacheco et ses coll\u00e8gues indique qu\u2019aucune de ces tendances n\u2019est invariablement n\u00e9gative ni compl\u00e8tement inoffensive. Par exemple, le d\u00e9veloppement de l\u2019agro-industrie entra\u00eene des taux de d\u00e9forestation plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s, mais contribue \u00e9galement \u00e0 une forte croissance \u00e9conomique, m\u00eame si celle-ci tend \u00e0 concentrer les revenus au niveau des propri\u00e9taires fonciers \u00e0 moyenne et grande \u00e9chelle. L\u2019agriculture paysanne, d\u2019un autre c\u00f4t\u00e9, a tendance \u00e0 cr\u00e9er des emplois et \u00e0 accro\u00eetre les revenus locaux, mais peut \u00e9galement conduire \u00e0 une d\u00e9forestation massive si les populations augmentent rapidement ou si la demande en cultures de march\u00e9 sp\u00e9cifiques s\u2019accentue. Les territoires indig\u00e8nes prot\u00e8gent les moyens de subsistance locaux, mais g\u00e9n\u00e8rent peu d\u2019avantages \u00e9conomiques et sont souvent situ\u00e9s loin des march\u00e9s et des infrastructures sociales, et ainsi de suite. Pour compliquer les choses, ces tendances varient avec le temps et les acteurs ne sont pas immuables.<\/p>\n

Que recommandent Pacheco et ses coll\u00e8gues face \u00e0 cette complexit\u00e9 et ce dynamisme ? Ils n\u2019offrent aucune r\u00e9ponse simple. Mais ils font une s\u00e9rie de recommandations ciblant chaque grand groupe d\u2019acteurs, au c\u0153ur de sa nature complexe, afin de mieux g\u00e9rer les changements d\u2019affectation des terres et ainsi minimiser les risques que chacun pr\u00e9sente pour le bien-\u00eatre des pauvres et l\u2019avenir des for\u00eats, tout en encourageant l\u2019emploi et l\u2019am\u00e9lioration des services environnementaux. Leurs recommandations vont de \u00ab fermer les fronti\u00e8res \u00bb afin de r\u00e9duire la sp\u00e9culation fonci\u00e8re et l\u2019empi\u00e9tement sur les terres publiques, \u00e0 \u00ab encourager la modernisation de l\u2019\u00e9levage de b\u00e9tail \u00bb afin d\u2019augmenter l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 de l\u2019utilisation des terres d\u00e9j\u00e0 occup\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

Et que doivent sp\u00e9cifiquement retenir de cette analyse les personnes charg\u00e9es de mettre en \u0153uvre la REDD+ ? L\u2019article sugg\u00e8re qu\u2019il est d\u2019abord imp\u00e9ratif que les projets de REDD+ reconnaissent la diversit\u00e9 des tendances et identifient les principaux acteurs et paysages. C\u2019est ensuite seulement qu\u2019ils pourront \u00e9laborer un ensemble d\u2019incitations pour modifier les comportements et r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions. Si cela est bien fait, les avantages sociaux et environnementaux peuvent aller au-del\u00e0 de l\u2019att\u00e9nuation du changement climatique. Est-ce facile ? Non, mais le co\u00fbt qu\u2019il faudra payer en cas d\u2019ignorance sera plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 et Pacheco et ses coll\u00e8gues ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 effectu\u00e9 une grande partie de votre travail.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pour obtenir un exemplaire de l\u2019article de Pacheco et coll., intitul\u00e9 Landscape Transformation in Tropical Latin America: Assessing Trends and Policy Implications for REDD+ (Transformation du paysage en Am\u00e9rique latine tropicale : \u00e9valuer les tendances et cons\u00e9quences politiques pour le REDD+), rendez-vous sur http:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4907\/2\/1\/1\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[2999],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-1089","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-forests-news","language-francais","type-francais-analyses"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n5 acteurs, 5 tendances, un oc\u00e9an de complexit\u00e9 - Landscape Alliance 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