{"id":1079,"date":"2007-08-06T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2007-08-06T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/?p=1079"},"modified":"2015-08-24T15:40:10","modified_gmt":"2015-08-24T08:40:10","slug":"les-gentils-doivent-ils-necessairement-etre-les-perdants","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/1079\/les-gentils-doivent-ils-necessairement-etre-les-perdants","title":{"rendered":"Les \u201cgentils\u201d doivent-ils n\u00e9cessairement \u00eatre les perdants?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Les paiements pour services environnementaux (PSE) semblent devenus, dans notre imaginaire collectif, le nouvel outil pour conserver les for\u00eats et r\u00e9compenser les pauvres pour leur gouvernance environnementale. Une r\u00e9cente publication de Sven Wunder, chercheur au CIFOR, dans Conservation Biology, nous pr\u00e9vient toutefois que la mise en \u0153uvre des PSE pr\u00e9sentera des compromis douloureux entre efficacit\u00e9 de la conservation et justice sociale. Pour \u00eatre politiquement acceptables, les m\u00e9canismes de PSE devront \u00eatre suffisamment efficaces pour fournir de v\u00e9ritables b\u00e9n\u00e9fices environnementaux mais aussi suffisamment \u00e9quitables.<\/p>\n

Un m\u00e9canisme de PSE implique un contrat entre un acheteur et un vendeur pour un service environnemental bien d\u00e9fini. Il est construit de fa\u00e7on \u00e0 combler la diff\u00e9rence entre les int\u00e9r\u00eats particuliers des propri\u00e9taires terriens et ceux des autres parties prenantes au moyen de compensations accord\u00e9es aux premiers pour les pertes de profits li\u00e9es \u00e0 la mise en \u0153uvre de pratiques plus soucieuses de l\u2019environnement. Par exemple, les consommateurs d\u2019eau potable, les usines hydro-\u00e9lectriques ou les services de contr\u00f4le des inondations en aval devraient \u00eatre pr\u00eats \u00e0 payer les propri\u00e9taires terriens en amont du bassin versant afin de conserver la for\u00eat et ainsi r\u00e9duire les risques d\u2019\u00e9rosion ou de pollutions.<\/p>\n

Wunder pr\u00e9dit toutefois que les syst\u00e8mes les plus efficaces de PSE vont offenser notre sens de la justice car ils seront n\u00e9cessairement cibl\u00e9s sur ceux qui posent un risque r\u00e9el sur l\u2019environnement. Si une communaut\u00e9 vit en harmonie avec ses for\u00eats, il semble juste de la r\u00e9compenser pour sa gouvernance environnementale exemplaire. Malheureusement, de tels paiements n\u2019ach\u00e8teront pas \u00ab plus \u00bb de conservation, ne produiront pas plus de services et donc la communaut\u00e9 aura bien du mal \u00e0 trouver des acheteurs. Au contraire, un \u00e9leveur qui est en train de couper sa for\u00eat pourrait changer de comportement si les paiements propos\u00e9s lui paraissent attractifs en comparaison des profits attendus de la conversion de la for\u00eat en p\u00e2turages.<\/p>\n

Wunder sugg\u00e8re que les PSE auront le plus de chances de succ\u00e8s aux endroits o\u00f9 les profits attendus des usages autres seront relativement bas. Lorsque des for\u00eats sont menac\u00e9es de conversion pour produire des produits \u00e0 haute valeur marchande comme le soja ou l\u2019huile de palme, des incitations par PSE pour rendre la conservation \u00e9conomiquement attractive risqueraient d\u2019\u00e9puiser tr\u00e8s rapidement les fonds disponibles.<\/p>\n

Des co\u00fbts de transaction \u00e9lev\u00e9s pourraient aussi limiter le potentiel des PSE dans la lutte contre la pauvret\u00e9. Wunder note que ces co\u00fbts de transaction sont les plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s lorsque de nombreux petits propri\u00e9taires sont impliqu\u00e9s, les droits de propri\u00e9t\u00e9s mal d\u00e9finis et les co\u00fbts de fourniture de l\u2019information et des services \u00e9lev\u00e9s. Dans de telles conditions, il sugg\u00e8re que les bailleurs de fonds devraient financer les co\u00fbts de mise en place des PSE si les co\u00fbts r\u00e9currents \u00e0 l\u2019hectare permettent de justifier cet investissement.<\/p>\n

Les conclusions de Wunder tombent \u00e0 pic au vu du d\u00e9bat actuel sur les paiements pour la r\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions (de CO2) issues de la d\u00e9forestation et de la d\u00e9gradation des for\u00eats (REDD). Alors que de tels paiements serviront certainement les objectifs climatiques et de conservation des for\u00eats, ils vont n\u00e9cessiter des choix difficiles entre efficacit\u00e9 et justice. Le b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaire id\u00e9al de PSE n\u2019est pas la communaut\u00e9 soucieuse de son environnement trop pauvre pour vraiment causer des d\u00e9g\u00e2ts aux for\u00eats mais plut\u00f4t celui qui a suffisamment de capital pour acheter une tron\u00e7onneuse (ou plusieurs) et est sur le point de les faire fonctionner. Est-ce que cela vous para\u00eet vraiment correct ?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Si vous souhaitez une copie gratuite du papier de S. Wunder, vous pouvez la demander \u00e0 Ligia Pereira l.pereira@cgiar.org<\/a>.<\/p>\n

L\u2019article est aussi disponible \u00e0 http:\/\/www.blackwell-synergy.com\/doi\/full\/10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2006.00559.x?prevSearch=allfield%3A%28wunder%29 <\/a> <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090],"tags":[],"language":[2170],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[2999],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-1079","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-forests-news","language-francais","type-francais-analyses"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLes \u201cgentils\u201d doivent-ils n\u00e9cessairement \u00eatre les perdants? - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/fr\/1079\/les-gentils-doivent-ils-necessairement-etre-les-perdants\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Les \u201cgentils\u201d doivent-ils n\u00e9cessairement \u00eatre les perdants?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Si vous souhaitez une copie gratuite du papier de S. 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