{"id":38482,"date":"2015-12-07T21:33:15","date_gmt":"2015-12-07T14:33:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=38482"},"modified":"2018-02-07T15:51:18","modified_gmt":"2018-02-07T08:51:18","slug":"mayores-derechos-para-los-recursos-comunes-el-surgimiento-de-nuevos-retos","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/es\/38482\/mayores-derechos-para-los-recursos-comunes-el-surgimiento-de-nuevos-retos","title":{"rendered":"Mayores derechos para los recursos comunes: el surgimiento de nuevos retos"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class='short-quote'>\n\t\t\t<blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t<p><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<footer>\n\t\t\t\t\t<cite title='Source Title'><\/cite>\n\t\t\t\t<\/footer>\n\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<p>Hace casi 20 a\u00f1os, en 1996, el Gobierno de Namibia concedi\u00f3 derechos sobre la fauna salvaje \u2014elefantes, rinocerontes negros, leones y muchas especies de ant\u00edlopes\u2014 a organizaciones comunitarias  de conservaci\u00f3n reci\u00e9n creadas. Hoy, Namibia cuenta con 82 de estas organizaciones, que cubren el 20% de su territorio. Estas han generado trabajo para miles de residentes locales e ingresos procedentes de albergues tur\u00edsticos que se destinan a la construcci\u00f3n de escuelas y cl\u00ednicas. El medio ambiente tambi\u00e9n ha mejorado, pues las personas renunciaron al ganado a favor de animales silvestres m\u00e1s adecuados para el entorno semi\u00e1rido de Namibia.<\/p>\n<p>Algo similar ocurri\u00f3 en Guatemala en 1990, cuando el Gobierno cre\u00f3 la Reserva de la Biosfera Maya y destin\u00f3 cerca del 40% de este territorio a concesiones forestales comunitarias. Las concesiones han generado ingresos considerables, principalmente a trav\u00e9s de la venta de caoba y teca sostenible de alto valor. Las tasas de deforestaci\u00f3n en estas concesiones se han reducido sustancialmente.<\/p>\n<p>Estos son dos ejemplos de iniciativas que buscaban crear nuevas instituciones y empresas de recursos comunes, es decir,  buscaban conectar bienes y servicios producidos localmente con mercados de alto valor.<\/p>\n<p>Y en ambos casos, los residentes locales han cosechado importantes beneficios sociales, econ\u00f3micos y ambientales.<\/p>\n<p><strong>LEGADO COLONIAL<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Los casos ejemplifican los beneficios obtenidos por algunas comunidades dependientes de bosques comunales y otros recursos naturales en pa\u00edses en desarrollo durante los \u00faltimos 20 a\u00f1os, tras recuperar una mayor participaci\u00f3n en el uso, manejo y otros derechos relacionados con dichos bosques; zonas que, durante y despu\u00e9s de la \u00e9poca colonial, estuvieron bajo el control y la administraci\u00f3n de agencias gubernamentales, a menudo en detrimento de estas comunidades.<\/p>\n<p>La tendencia entre los gobiernos de los pa\u00edses en desarrollo fue a mantener el modelo colonial de propiedad estatal, incluso despu\u00e9s de que sus pa\u00edses lograron la independencia. En lugares con una d\u00e9bil regulaci\u00f3n estatal de la extracci\u00f3n maderera y del desarrollo, los pobladores locales debieron asumir los costos ambientales y sociales de la degradaci\u00f3n de tierras y cuencas hidrogr\u00e1ficas. Ten\u00edan poco o ning\u00fan poder para proteger sus tierras y bosques locales de la invasi\u00f3n de forasteros. Las normas locales para la asignaci\u00f3n de derechos sobre los recursos perdieron fuerza, y las capacidades institucionales locales para la administraci\u00f3n de los recursos a menudo tambi\u00e9n se debilitaron.<\/p>\n<p>Las normas estatales para el uso de los bosques tambi\u00e9n pod\u00edan ser agresivas y punitivas. A menudo, los pobladores locales solo pod\u00edan utilizar los recursos si lograban obtener un permiso o pagaban por ello. Incluso en ciertos lugares, se criminaliz\u00f3 el uso tradicional de los bosques, como la caza de subsistencia y la recolecci\u00f3n de productos forestales no maderables. En varios pa\u00edses de la regi\u00f3n del Sahel de \u00c1frica occidental, los agricultores ten\u00edan que obtener permisos para talar \u00e1rboles que ellos mismos hab\u00edan plantado en sus propias tierras. El resultado fue una reducci\u00f3n en el n\u00famero de \u00e1rboles plantados.<\/p>\n<p>De manera general, entonces, los avances de los \u00faltimos 20 a\u00f1os muestran c\u00f3mo la seguridad de la tenencia y la clarificaci\u00f3n de los derechos pueden crear condiciones para una mejor gesti\u00f3n de los recursos, para atraer inversi\u00f3n externa, y para una distribuci\u00f3n m\u00e1s equitativa de los beneficios provenientes de los recursos comunes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>NUEVOS RETOS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Hemos pasado a lo que podr\u00eda denominarse una \u201cnueva generaci\u00f3n\u201d de retos para la gesti\u00f3n de los recursos de propiedad com\u00fan: las comunidades cuentan con derechos recientemente fortalecidos sobre los recursos, pero \u00bfqu\u00e9 sigue?<\/p>\n<p>Porque a pesar de los beneficios, los acuerdos para la gobernanza de los recursos locales tienden a ser fr\u00e1giles, y las empresas locales tienden a ser d\u00e9biles. M\u00e1s a\u00fan, los avances realizados en la devoluci\u00f3n de derechos ha llamado la atenci\u00f3n sobre la pobreza persistente en muchas comunidades que dependen de recursos de uso com\u00fan tales como pastos, pesca y agua, vida silvestre y bosques.<\/p>\n<p>Por ello, el primero de la lista de nuevos retos es el siguiente: garantizar que las comunidades con derechos sobre los recursos recientemente fortalecidos derechos puedan crear econom\u00edas locales s\u00f3lidas basadas en el uso sostenible de los recursos naturales locales.<\/p>\n<p>Para empezar, se requerir\u00e1n nuevas formas de acuerdos de gobernanza local y empresas locales capaces no solo de llevar a los mercados bienes y servicios locales de alto valor, sino de hacerlo de manera que proporcionen beneficios justos a los titulares de los derechos locales. Los intermediarios \u2014en ocasiones las ONG\u2014 pueden ser claves para la creaci\u00f3n de una visi\u00f3n de negocios local para la negociaci\u00f3n de acuerdos con empresas e inversionistas externos, lo cual tambi\u00e9n puede ayudar a generar confianza entre partes no acostumbradas a trabajar de manera conjunta.<\/p>\n<p>Tambi\u00e9n es importante comprender que la capacidad de las personas para participar en empresas de recursos comunes puede variar en funci\u00f3n de su edad, educaci\u00f3n, g\u00e9nero, salud y otros factores sociales y demogr\u00e1ficos. Reconocer estas diferencias, y de qu\u00e9 manera se manifiestan en las din\u00e1micas del poder, puede ayudar a crear salvaguardas contra la captura por las \u00e9lites de las empresas de recursos comunes y a dise\u00f1ar acuerdos de distribuci\u00f3n de beneficios que garanticen que todos los titulares de derechos obtengan una participaci\u00f3n justa en los beneficios derivados de la propiedad de los recursos comunes.<\/p>\n<p>Claramente, esta estos nuevos retos no son menos intimidantes que los anteriores.<\/p>\n<p>Por ello, para explorar  soluciones  estuvimos reunidos en el  panel sobre <a href=\"http:\/\/www.landscapes.org\/glf-2015\/agenda-item\/day-1-saturday-5-december-2\/6-parallel-discussion-forums-2\/commons-tenure-for-a-common-future\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">\u201cTenencia de recursos comunes para un futuro en com\u00fan\u201d<\/a>, que se realiz\u00f3 el s\u00e1bado 5 de diciembre en el Global Landscapes Forum 2015, en Par\u00eds. Identificando estos problemas y profundizar en ellos, podemos ayudar a que la tenencia de recursos colectivos conduzca a beneficios en com\u00fan.<\/p>\n<p><strong> <\/strong><strong>Para obtener m\u00e1s informaci\u00f3n acerca de este tema, por favor p\u00f3ngase en contacto con Steven Lawry en <\/strong><strong>s.lawry@cgiar.org<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong> <\/strong><strong>Esta investigaci\u00f3n recibi\u00f3 el apoyo de la Uni\u00f3n Europea y el Fondo para el Medio Ambiente Mundial (GEF).<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hace casi 20 a\u00f1os, en 1996, el Gobierno de Namibia concedi\u00f3 derechos sobre la fauna salvaje \u2014elefantes, rinocerontes negros, leones y muchas especies de ant\u00edlopes\u2014 a organizaciones comunitarias de conservaci\u00f3n reci\u00e9n creadas. Hoy, Namibia cuenta con 82 de estas organizaciones, que cubren el 20% de su territorio. Estas han generado trabajo para miles de residentes [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":166,"featured_media":38486,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[173,13],"tags":[],"language":[2169],"location":[12216],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[3329,3332,3325,3337],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[6140],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[1917],"class_list":["post-38482","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gender-justice-tenure","category-governance","language-espanol","location-global","tag-espanol-gobernanza","tag-espanol-manejo-forestal","tag-espanol-recursos-naturales","tag-espanol-tenencia","type-espanol-analisis"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mayores derechos para los recursos comunes: el surgimiento de nuevos retos - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/es\/38482\/mayores-derechos-para-los-recursos-comunes-el-surgimiento-de-nuevos-retos\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Mayores derechos para los recursos comunes: el surgimiento de nuevos retos\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Hace casi 20 a\u00f1os, en 1996, el Gobierno de Namibia concedi\u00f3 derechos sobre la fauna salvaje \u2014elefantes, rinocerontes negros, leones y muchas especies de ant\u00edlopes\u2014 a organizaciones comunitarias de conservaci\u00f3n reci\u00e9n creadas. 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He was formerly director of CIFOR\u2019s Forests and Governance Research portfolio. His research focuses on the effects of land tenure and resource governance regimes on social, economic and environmental outcomes. An example of his recent research is a systematic review of the literature on the impact of land rights formalization on agricultural productivity and investment in Latin America, Africa and Asia, published in January 2014. Dr. Lawry has published studies and scholarly articles on the social and ecological effects resulting from the devolution of forest rights from state authorities to communities in developing countries; the governance of land use in customary tenure regimes in sub-Saharan Africa; and tenure factors affecting adoption of agroforestry technologies in West Africa, among other topics. He received a PhD from the Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1988. Also in 1988, he joined the research staff of UW-Madison\u2019s Land Tenure Center (LTC), and became LTC\u2019s Associate Director in charge of Africa programs in 1990. Dr. Lawry served as Global Practice Leader for Land Tenure and Property Rights at DAI, a Washington-based development-consulting group, from December 2011 to July 2014. He headed the USAID-funded Sudan Property Rights Program in 2010 and 2011, which helped the Government of South Sudan develop a national land policy. Dr. Lawry held senior positions in the Ford Foundation from 1992 to 2006. From 1992 to 1997 he led the Foundation\u2019s grant programs in Namibia, and from his base in Windhoek managed grants in support of South Africa\u2019s post-apartheid land reform program. He was head of the Foundation\u2019s Office for the Middle East and North Africa, in Cairo, from 1997 to 2001. He served in the Foundation\u2019s New York headquarters as Director of the Office of Management Services from 2001 to 2006. 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Also in 1988, he joined the research staff of UW-Madison\u2019s Land Tenure Center (LTC), and became LTC\u2019s Associate Director in charge of Africa programs in 1990. Dr. Lawry served as Global Practice Leader for Land Tenure and Property Rights at DAI, a Washington-based development-consulting group, from December 2011 to July 2014. He headed the USAID-funded Sudan Property Rights Program in 2010 and 2011, which helped the Government of South Sudan develop a national land policy. Dr. Lawry held senior positions in the Ford Foundation from 1992 to 2006. From 1992 to 1997 he led the Foundation\u2019s grant programs in Namibia, and from his base in Windhoek managed grants in support of South Africa\u2019s post-apartheid land reform program. He was head of the Foundation\u2019s Office for the Middle East and North Africa, in Cairo, from 1997 to 2001. He served in the Foundation\u2019s New York headquarters as Director of the Office of Management Services from 2001 to 2006. He was president of Antioch College, in Yellow Springs, Ohio, in 2006 and 2007. 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