{"id":30910,"date":"2015-07-12T12:07:27","date_gmt":"2015-07-12T05:07:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=30910"},"modified":"2015-12-22T02:38:13","modified_gmt":"2015-12-21T19:38:13","slug":"detener-la-deforestacion-mision-imposible","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/es\/30910\/detener-la-deforestacion-mision-imposible","title":{"rendered":"Detener la deforestaci\u00f3n \u00bfmisi\u00f3n imposible?"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Foto por: Ana_Cotta, Creative Commons.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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Nota del editor: Este blog pertenece a la selecci\u00f3n de los m\u00e1s destacados del 2015.<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u00bfPor qu\u00e9 las iniciativas orientadas a mantener los bosques en pie, como REDD+<\/a> y otras, todav\u00eda est\u00e1n lejos de cambiar las trayectorias de desarrollo?<\/p>\n

En la reciente conferencia bienal de la Asociaci\u00f3n Internacional para el Estudio de los Recursos Comunes (IASC)<\/a>, celebrada en Edmonton, Canad\u00e1, presentamos los resultados preliminares de una investigaci\u00f3n sobre la pol\u00edtica de la gobernanza multinivel en el cambio de uso de la tierra y las pol\u00edticas clim\u00e1ticas.<\/p>\n

La comprensi\u00f3n de las pol\u00edticas de uso de la tierra es en parte dif\u00edcil porque son muchos los actores involucrados: los sectores gubernamentales nacionales y subnacionales, incluyendo el medio ambiente, la forester\u00eda, la miner\u00eda y la agricultura, as\u00ed como empresas privadas, organizaciones no gubernamentales y las comunidades locales e ind\u00edgenas.<\/p>\n

Al mismo tiempo, con la creciente necesidad de encontrar nuevas rutas para el desarrollo, es cada vez m\u00e1s importante entender c\u00f3mo estos actores trabajan juntos (o no) para generar cambios de uso de la tierra en la pr\u00e1ctica.<\/p>\n

Entonces \u00bfc\u00f3mo podemos nosotros, como investigadores, estudiar esta complejidad y ayudar a identificar formas factibles para avanzar?<\/p>\n

ESTUDIOS DE CASO EN CINCO PA\u00cdSES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nuestra soluci\u00f3n<\/a> fue, esencialmente, dialogar con el mayor n\u00famero posible de personas, en los lugares donde estaban ocurriendo los cambios.<\/p>\n

Identificamos 54 sitios ubicados en 11 regiones de 5 pa\u00edses: Per\u00fa, Indonesia, Vietnam, Tanzania y M\u00e9xico, y entrevistamos a m\u00e1s de 700 personas.<\/p>\n

Llevamos a cabo nuestra investigaci\u00f3n en sitios donde exist\u00edan iniciativas de desarrollo con bajas emisiones<\/a>, incluyendo pero no limit\u00e1ndonos a REDD+, y tambi\u00e9n en lugares donde los bosques est\u00e1n siendo convertidos para usos en agricultura, palma aceitera, miner\u00eda y otros.<\/p>\n

Encontramos que a pesar de los diversos sistemas legales y niveles de descentralizaci\u00f3n, los actores poderosos, que participan de la deforestaci\u00f3n, generalmente encuentran la forma de salirse con la suya, ya sea usando las normas a su favor o actuando al margen de ellas.<\/p>\n

En pa\u00edses como Per\u00fa e Indonesia, donde los bosques no pueden ser titulados, observamos diferentes grados y tipos de descentralizaci\u00f3n con distritos empoderados en Indonesia y regiones habilitadas en el Per\u00fa.<\/p>\n

Sin embargo, en ambos pa\u00edses los actores lograron presionar a las agencias gubernamentales a cargo (a nivel nacional, regional y\/o distrital) para reclasificar los bosques como \u00e1reas no forestales y, de este modo, habilitarlos para la propiedad privada y la conversi\u00f3n.<\/a><\/p>\n

En todos los pa\u00edses, las personas informaron que la coordinaci\u00f3n<\/a> entre los distintos sectores fue un gran desaf\u00edo: las oficinas ambientales y de los sectores tradicionales como, por ejemplo, agricultura y miner\u00eda, generalmente trabajan con objetivos contrapuestos.<\/p>\n

Las agencias ambientales en todos los niveles fueron consideradas por un sector amplio como las menos influyentes. Esto refleja que existen intereses pol\u00edticos m\u00e1s grandes en todos los pa\u00edses: las coaliciones a favor de la expansi\u00f3n de la agricultura, la miner\u00eda y las formas tradicionales de desarrollo son m\u00e1s grandes (o m\u00e1s poderosas) que la coalici\u00f3n que defiende alternativas sostenibles.<\/p>\n

Las organizaciones no gubernamentales, y otras entidades que buscan promover pr\u00e1cticas m\u00e1s sostenibles, son generalmente ignoradas.<\/p>\n

Adem\u00e1s, la mayor\u00eda de iniciativas de bajas emisiones est\u00e1n tratando de cambiar el comportamiento de los actores m\u00e1s d\u00e9biles, a veces reforzando suposiciones profundamente arraigadas respecto a los motores de la deforestaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

\u00bfHAY ESPERANZA EN REDD+?<\/strong><\/p>\n

REDD+ ha abierto espacios nuevos e importantes para el di\u00e1logo y la promoci\u00f3n de los derechos ind\u00edgenas y comunitarios.<\/p>\n

En M\u00e9xico, si bien el sector forestal est\u00e1 altamente centralizado y m\u00e1s de 20 a\u00f1os de pol\u00edticas gubernamentales han tratado de acabar con los ejidos<\/em><\/a> (tierras comunitarias reconocidas bajo la ley), REDD+ les devolvi\u00f3 protagonismo al hacerlos custodios del 65% de los bosques del pa\u00eds.<\/p>\n

Sin embargo, a pesar de que REDD+ ha logrado sentar en una mesa a actores afines del sector medio ambiente, este di\u00e1logo no ha logrado cerrar la brecha entre sectores tradicionales.<\/p>\n

Pocos proyectos REDD+ tienen en cuenta los motores de la deforestaci\u00f3n a gran escala o de capital intensivo, aunque hay casos en que el fortalecimiento de los derechos comunitarios ha permitido la exclusi\u00f3n de inversionistas externos no deseados.<\/p>\n

En Tanzania, la mayor\u00eda de las intervenciones de REDD+<\/a> tuvieron resultados positivos respecto a los agricultores sedentarios, pero su enfoque excluy\u00f3 a los sectores m\u00e1s d\u00e9biles y pobres, tradicionalmente considerados problem\u00e1ticos (aunque en base a suposiciones en lugar de datos), como los agricultores y pastores itinerantes, lo que impidi\u00f3 hacer frente a problemas como los conflictos agr\u00edcola-pastoriles.<\/p>\n

Estas intervenciones tambi\u00e9n trataron de cambiar el comportamiento de los productores pobres de carb\u00f3n y otros usuarios locales de los bosques, excluyendo a los m\u00e1s pudientes que conducen el sector: los comerciantes y los consumidores.<\/p>\n

Desafortunadamente, REDD+ est\u00e1 plagada de jerga t\u00e9cnica. De hecho, algunos proponentes de los proyectos justifican la retenci\u00f3n de informaci\u00f3n debido a la complejidad de REDD+ y para no generar expectativas. Aunque de esa forma no est\u00e1n obteniendo el consentimiento previo, libre e informado.<\/a><\/p>\n

SOLUCIONES POL\u00cdTICAS PARA PROBLEMAS POL\u00cdTICOS<\/strong><\/p>\n

Aunque los actores con m\u00e1s poder saben c\u00f3mo trabajar con actores gubernamentales para alcanzar objetivos que ponen en riesgo a los bosques, encontramos que tambi\u00e9n hay esperanza en la pol\u00edtica.<\/p>\n

Los gobiernos locales han sido aliados clave para la conservaci\u00f3n en algunos casos: por ejemplo, algunos distritos de Tanzania apoyan la creaci\u00f3n de reservas territoriales comunales<\/a>, y el distrito de Ketapang en Kalimantan Occidental, Indonesia<\/a>, apoya la conservaci\u00f3n, a pesar de que el aceite de palma es muy popular desde el punto de vista pol\u00edtico.<\/p>\n

En Vietnam<\/a>, a pesar de que los gobiernos subnacionales tienen poco poder en la toma de decisiones, algunas provincias y comunas demostraron mucho mejores pr\u00e1cticas en la implementaci\u00f3n del proyecto.<\/p>\n

El caso m\u00e1s notable es el de Acre, Brasil. A partir de la organizaci\u00f3n sindical y pol\u00edtica ind\u00edgena, el Estado construy\u00f3 gradualmente un sistema de incentivos ambientales<\/a> con un mandato pol\u00edtico de amplio respaldo popular.<\/p>\n

Esto implic\u00f3 la creaci\u00f3n de \u00e1reas protegidas, el apoyo a actividades econ\u00f3micas compatibles con la conservaci\u00f3n, como la extracci\u00f3n de caucho, y la b\u00fasqueda de formas innovadoras para vincular las actividades de conservaci\u00f3n en el Estado con mecanismos de apoyo internacionales como REDD+.<\/p>\n

Por \u00faltimo, nuestra investigaci\u00f3n ha destacado que muchos de los problemas enfrentados por el desarrollo de bajas emisiones son de \u00edndole pol\u00edtica, y por lo tanto, se requieren soluciones pol\u00edticas: para lograr estas transformaciones econ\u00f3micas, la voluntad de cambio y la creaci\u00f3n de alianzas son esenciales.<\/p>\n

Anne Larson es cient\u00edfica principal de CIFOR. Por favor p\u00f3ngase en contacto con ella en a.larson@cgiar.org<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ashwin Ravikumar es cient\u00edfico de CIFOR. Por favor p\u00f3ngase en contacto con \u00e9l en a.ravikumar@cgiar.org<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Nota del editor: Este blog pertenece a la selecci\u00f3n de los m\u00e1s destacados del 2015. \u00bfPor qu\u00e9 las iniciativas orientadas a mantener los bosques en pie, como REDD+ y otras, todav\u00eda est\u00e1n lejos de cambiar las trayectorias de desarrollo? En la reciente conferencia bienal de la Asociaci\u00f3n Internacional para el Estudio de los […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":196,"featured_media":30911,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,161,137,13,180,151],"tags":[385,390,933,2216,2215,123],"language":[2169],"location":[12216],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[3351,6321,3483,4885,2245],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[3103],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[2214,2081],"class_list":["post-30910","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-deforestation","category-forest-management-restoration","category-governance","category-mitigating-climate-change","category-redd-2","tag-cambio-climatico","tag-deforestacion","tag-gobernanza-de-la-tierra-y-los-bosques","tag-politica-ambiental","tag-politica-forestal","tag-redd","language-espanol","location-global","tag-espanol-deforestacion","tag-espanol-destacado-2015","tag-espanol-gobernanza-multinivel","tag-espanol-peru","tag-espanol-redd","type-espanol-opinan-los-expertos"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDetener la deforestaci\u00f3n \u00bfmisi\u00f3n imposible? - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/es\/30910\/detener-la-deforestacion-mision-imposible\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Detener la deforestaci\u00f3n \u00bfmisi\u00f3n imposible?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"    Nota del editor: Este blog pertenece a la selecci\u00f3n de los m\u00e1s destacados del 2015. \u00bfPor qu\u00e9 las iniciativas orientadas a mantener los bosques en pie, como REDD+ y otras, todav\u00eda est\u00e1n lejos de cambiar las trayectorias de desarrollo? 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Berkeley in Wildland Resource Science, with an emphasis on resource policy and institutions. Her current work includes developing research strategies, projects and methodologies; fundraising; supervising and conducting research; writing and editing books, reports, article, briefs and more popular materials such as illustrated training manuals and flyers in indigenous languages; networking with policy-makers, NGOs and grassroots organizations for impact; and project management. She is a member of the council of the International Association for the Study of the Commons (IASC, 2014-16) and represents CIFOR to the Rights and Resources Initiative (RRI). 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