{"id":17129,"date":"2013-06-12T00:39:13","date_gmt":"2013-06-11T17:39:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/?p=17129"},"modified":"2015-09-30T16:17:25","modified_gmt":"2015-09-30T09:17:25","slug":"mas-bosques-mas-energia-un-analisis-de-la-viabilidad-de-belo-monte","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/es\/17129\/mas-bosques-mas-energia-un-analisis-de-la-viabilidad-de-belo-monte","title":{"rendered":"M\u00e1s bosques, m\u00e1s energ\u00eda: Un an\u00e1lisis de la viabilidad de Belo Monte"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"80%<\/a>
80% de la electricidad que se consume en Brasil procede de hidroel\u00e9ctricas. Fotograf\u00eda cortes\u00eda de\u00a0David Holt<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Gran parte de la controversia sobre las centrales hidroel\u00e9ctricas en los pa\u00edses tropicales gira en torno a las repercusiones que la construcci\u00f3n de represas y las inundaciones tendr\u00e1n sobre la poblaci\u00f3n y el medio ambiente. \u00bfPero qu\u00e9 sucede con lo que los bosques hacen por<\/i> las represas? Un equipo de cient\u00edficos estadounidenses y brasile\u00f1os presenta una perspectiva \u00fanica sobre la relaci\u00f3n entre bosques y energ\u00eda hidroel\u00e9ctrica en un art\u00edculo recientemente publicado en Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.<\/i><\/p>\n

El estudio <\/a>realizado por Stickler et al<\/i>. se centra en el pol\u00e9mico complejo hidroel\u00e9ctrico de Belo Monte, situado en la cuenca del r\u00edo Xingu de la Amazonia brasile\u00f1a. A partir de la fecha prevista para su terminaci\u00f3n en 2015, Belo Monte ser\u00e1 la tercera represa hidroel\u00e9ctrica m\u00e1s grande del mundo. Su construcci\u00f3n ha sido objeto de protestas locales, nacionales e internacionales<\/a>, especialmente debido al perjuicio que se prev\u00e9 para los ecosistemas acu\u00e1ticos y la poblaci\u00f3n local (incluidos importantes grupos ind\u00edgenas), adem\u00e1s de su cuestionable viabilidad econ\u00f3mica. A pesar de la fuerte controversia, el Gobierno brasile\u00f1o ha seguido adelante con el proyecto; la energ\u00eda hidroel\u00e9ctrica es sumamente atractiva, en particular en un pa\u00eds con r\u00edos enormes y donde alrededor del 80% de la electricidad que se consume<\/a> procede de esta fuente. Se espera que solo Belo Monte suministre el 40% de la creciente demanda energ\u00e9tica de Brasil hasta el 2019. Pero \u00bfqu\u00e9 sucede cuando los bosques, y las precipitaciones que estos generan se toman en cuenta en esos c\u00e1lculos de producci\u00f3n de energ\u00eda?<\/p>\n

En este estudio, Stickler et al<\/i>. integran modelos de vegetaci\u00f3n, hidrol\u00f3gicos y clim\u00e1ticos a escala local y regional para crear escenarios posibles de generaci\u00f3n de energ\u00eda para Belo Monte relacionados con la cobertura forestal amaz\u00f3nica. La novedad de este estudio es que los autores incluyen en su an\u00e1lisis los posibles efectos indirectos de la deforestaci\u00f3n sobre el caudal del r\u00edo \u2014en concreto, el descenso de las precipitaciones en la regi\u00f3n\u2014 adem\u00e1s de los efectos directos de la menor evapotranspiraci\u00f3n cuando los bosques se sustituyen por cultivos y pastos.<\/p>\n

\"La<\/a>
La construcci\u00f3n del complejo hidroel\u00e9ctrico de Belo Monte ha sido objeto de protestas locales, nacionales e internacionales, especialmente debido al perjuicio que se prev\u00e9 para los ecosistemas acu\u00e1ticos y la poblaci\u00f3n local. Atossa Soltani\/Amazon Watch\/Spectral Q.<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Sin incluir esos efectos indirectos, podr\u00edan haberse quedado solo con una simulaci\u00f3n de la deforestaci\u00f3n futura en la cuenca del r\u00edo Xingu (40% para el 2050 en un escenario que sigue las tendencias actuales [\u2018business-as-usual\u2019]),lo cual incrementar\u00eda <\/i>el caudal del r\u00edo y la generaci\u00f3n de energ\u00eda en un 10%, apoyando estudios amaz\u00f3nicos previos<\/a> (Costa et al<\/i>., 2003; Coe et al.,<\/i> 2009) y el tradicional conocimiento<\/a> sobre la relaci\u00f3n entre clareo del bosque y caudal (Calder, 2005). Al incluir el efecto de la cobertura forestal en las precipitaciones en toda la cuenca del Amazonas, el estudio mostr\u00f3 que los descensos de las precipitaciones asociados a una futura deforestaci\u00f3n amaz\u00f3nica de mayor escala probablemente invertir\u00edan ese resultado: una menor precipitaci\u00f3n en la cuenca del Xingu contrarrestar\u00eda el descenso de la evapotranspiraci\u00f3n local, a la larga reduciendo<\/i> el caudal del r\u00edo y la generaci\u00f3n de energ\u00eda en un 30-36%. Por lo tanto, los bosques en pie de hecho ayudan a asegurar el potencial hidroel\u00e9ctrico, especialmente en lugares donde la estacionalidad de las precipitaciones es extrema.<\/p>\n

Brasil solo podr\u00e1 cumplir sus promesas de generaci\u00f3n energ\u00eda con Belo Monte si se contin\u00faa manteniendo a raya la deforestaci\u00f3n en toda la Amazonia.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Estos hallazgos son clave para los que formulan pol\u00edticas y para el propio sector hidroel\u00e9ctrico. Stickler et a<\/i>l. concluyen que, en un escenario de deforestaci\u00f3n siguiendo las tendencias de deforestaci\u00f3n, Belo Monte solo alcanzar\u00eda dos tercios del objetivo de la energ\u00eda que asegura. Brasil solo podr\u00e1 cumplir sus promesas de generaci\u00f3n energ\u00eda con Belo Monte si se contin\u00faa manteniendo a raya la deforestaci\u00f3n en toda la Amazonia. Y esto, seg\u00fan reconoce el autor, sin tener en cuenta la contribuci\u00f3n adicional del cambio clim\u00e1tico mediante emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero a posibles sequ\u00edas futuras y estaciones secas m\u00e1s largas en la Amazonia. \u00bfSer\u00eda suficiente esta informaci\u00f3n para motivar al sector energ\u00e9tico a que se convierta en un defensor de la conservaci\u00f3n de los bosques?<\/p>\n

Este art\u00edculo es oportuno, ya que la expansi\u00f3n de la energ\u00eda hidroel\u00e9ctrica para satisfacer las necesidades de electricidad se encuentra en los primeros lugares de la agenda de desarrollo de muchos pa\u00edses del tr\u00f3pico y se est\u00e1n invirtiendo miles de millones de d\u00f3lares en esta fuente de energ\u00eda. Como los beneficios de energ\u00eda pueden ser menores de los previstos inicialmente, los autores concluyen que la viabilidad de Belo Monte y proyectos similares como fuentes fiables de energ\u00eda requieren todav\u00eda un an\u00e1lisis cr\u00edtico, especialmente si se consideran los altos costos que ya soporta la sociedad local. Aunque deben proseguir las medidas para minimizar los costos sociales y ambientales asociados a la construcci\u00f3n de la represa, tambi\u00e9n deber\u00eda tenerse en cuenta la dependencia que la energ\u00eda hidroel\u00e9ctrica tiene de los bosques. Brasil ha alcanzado reconocimiento internacional por su reducci\u00f3n de la deforestaci\u00f3n amaz\u00f3nica desde 2005. Este art\u00edculo aporta pruebas convincentes de que sus esperanzas de seguridad energ\u00e9tica nacional mediante la energ\u00eda hidroel\u00e9ctrica dependen de seguir esta tendencia.<\/p>\n

Para mayor informaci\u00f3n sobre este art\u00edculo o los temas que en \u00e9l se tocan, por favor escriba a Amy Duchelle al correo electronico a.duchelle@cgiar.org <\/a><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Gran parte de la controversia sobre las centrales hidroel\u00e9ctricas en los pa\u00edses tropicales gira en torno a las repercusiones que la construcci\u00f3n de represas y las inundaciones tendr\u00e1n sobre la poblaci\u00f3n y el medio ambiente. \u00bfPero qu\u00e9 sucede con lo que los bosques hacen por las represas? Un equipo de cient\u00edficos estadounidenses y brasile\u00f1os presenta […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":68,"featured_media":20600,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[462,161,137,95],"tags":[1098,377,310,1097,1096],"language":[2169],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[3103],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[625],"class_list":["post-17129","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climate-change-energy","category-deforestation","category-forest-management-restoration","category-human-wellbeing","tag-belo-monte","tag-brasil","tag-conservacion","tag-generacion-de-energia","tag-represas","language-espanol","type-espanol-opinan-los-expertos"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nM\u00e1s bosques, m\u00e1s energ\u00eda: Un an\u00e1lisis de la viabilidad de Belo Monte - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/es\/17129\/mas-bosques-mas-energia-un-analisis-de-la-viabilidad-de-belo-monte\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"M\u00e1s bosques, m\u00e1s energ\u00eda: Un an\u00e1lisis de la viabilidad de Belo Monte\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Gran parte de la controversia sobre las centrales hidroel\u00e9ctricas en los pa\u00edses tropicales gira en torno a las repercusiones que la construcci\u00f3n de represas y las inundaciones tendr\u00e1n sobre la poblaci\u00f3n y el medio ambiente. \u00bfPero qu\u00e9 sucede con lo que los bosques hacen por las represas? Un equipo de cient\u00edficos estadounidenses y brasile\u00f1os presenta […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/es\/17129\/mas-bosques-mas-energia-un-analisis-de-la-viabilidad-de-belo-monte\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Landscape Alliance Forests News\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/CIFORICRAF\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2013-06-11T17:39:13+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2015-09-30T09:17:25+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/brazil-dam-500x3371.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"337\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Amy Duchelle\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@CIFOR_ICRAF\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/es\\\/17129\\\/mas-bosques-mas-energia-un-analisis-de-la-viabilidad-de-belo-monte#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/es\\\/17129\\\/mas-bosques-mas-energia-un-analisis-de-la-viabilidad-de-belo-monte\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Amy Duchelle\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/es#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/cc75baaa8a54ce6104bab48c1e7d0440\"},\"headline\":\"M\u00e1s bosques, m\u00e1s energ\u00eda: Un an\u00e1lisis de la viabilidad de Belo Monte\",\"datePublished\":\"2013-06-11T17:39:13+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2015-09-30T09:17:25+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/es\\\/17129\\\/mas-bosques-mas-energia-un-analisis-de-la-viabilidad-de-belo-monte\"},\"wordCount\":1049,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/es#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/es\\\/17129\\\/mas-bosques-mas-energia-un-analisis-de-la-viabilidad-de-belo-monte#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2013\\\/06\\\/brazil-dam-500x3371.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Belo Monte\",\"Brasil\",\"conservaci\u00f3n\",\"generaci\u00f3n de energ\u00eda\",\"Represas\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Climate change & energy\",\"Deforestation\",\"Forest management & restoration\",\"Human well-being\"],\"inLanguage\":\"es\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/es\\\/17129\\\/mas-bosques-mas-energia-un-analisis-de-la-viabilidad-de-belo-monte#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2013\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/es\\\/17129\\\/mas-bosques-mas-energia-un-analisis-de-la-viabilidad-de-belo-monte\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.forestsnews.org\\\/es\\\/17129\\\/mas-bosques-mas-energia-un-analisis-de-la-viabilidad-de-belo-monte\",\"name\":\"M\u00e1s bosques, m\u00e1s energ\u00eda: Un an\u00e1lisis de la viabilidad de Belo Monte - 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