{"id":1246,"date":"2012-10-24T11:18:00","date_gmt":"2012-10-24T11:18:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/localhost\/wordpress\/?p=1246"},"modified":"2015-08-24T15:50:40","modified_gmt":"2015-08-24T08:50:40","slug":"compartiendo-la-tierra-con-tigres-en-nepal-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/es\/1246\/compartiendo-la-tierra-con-tigres-en-nepal-2","title":{"rendered":"Compartiendo la tierra con tigres en Nepal"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Por <a href=\"\/\/www.cifor.org\/about-us\/cifor-scientific-staff-profiles\/detail-profile\/staff\/003433.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer nofollow\">Amy  Ickowitz<\/a><br \/>\n   Cient\u00edfica de  CIFOR<\/p>\n<p>Existe un intenso debate en la literatura cient\u00edfica  sobre si la mejor manera de asegurar la permanencia de la biodiversidad global  es a trav\u00e9s de \u201ccompartir tierras\u201d o a trav\u00e9s de \u201cahorrar tierras\u201d (Godfray  et al. 2010, Perfecto y Vandermeer 2010, Phalan et al. 2011,  Tscharntke et al. 2012). Los que proponen el \u201cahorro de tierras\u201d  argumentan que el modo m\u00e1s eficaz de conservar la biodiversidad es intensificar  la producci\u00f3n agr\u00edcola en los terrenos m\u00e1s f\u00e9rtiles de forma que otras tierras  se puedan reservar para la flora y fauna silvestre. Quienes defienden la opci\u00f3n  de \u201ccompartir tierras\u201d abogan por hacer hincapi\u00e9 en pr\u00e1cticas de uso de la  tierra sostenibles y respetuosas con la vida silvestre, que limiten el uso de  plaguicidas, y con cultivos diversificados, para mantener la biodiversidad y  producir alimentos y madera en un mundo cada vez m\u00e1s poblado. Aunque la biodiversidad  tiene muchas dimensiones y por lo tanto hay muchas formas de medirla, la  investigaci\u00f3n sugiere que los grandes depredadores desempe\u00f1an un papel  fundamental en la regulaci\u00f3n de los ecosistemas y que su presencia est\u00e1  asociada a una mayor biodiversidad en general (Sergio et al. 2005). Para  los que proponen \u201ccompartir tierras\u201d es fundamental preguntarse si compartir el  terreno entre humanos y grandes predadores es siquiera posible. <\/p>\n<p>Un art\u00edculo reciente de Carter et al. (2012),  publicado en los Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, responde  a esta interrogante al estudiar la capacidad de los tigres para coexistir con  humanos dentro y fuera del Parque Nacional de Chitwan en Nepal. Los tigres son  una especie interesante para estudiar en este contexto porque est\u00e1n en peligro  en todo el mundo y se considera que son especialmente vulnerables a la  extinci\u00f3n debido a que compiten con los humanos por espacio y alimento (Karanth  et al. 2010) y a las presiones de la caza furtiva. El Parque Nacional de Chitwan es una reserva  emblem\u00e1tica que ha recibido considerable apoyo financiero del Gobierno de Nepal  y de WWF (Fondo Mundial para la Naturaleza, por sus siglas en ingl\u00e9s). Adem\u00e1s,  es patrullado activamente por el ej\u00e9rcito nepal\u00ed para impedir actividades  ilegales. Se sabe que la densidad de tigres es alta dentro del parque, pero el parque  est\u00e1 rodeado por un asentamiento humano relativamente denso (m\u00e1s de 200  personas por kil\u00f3metro cuadrado). Esto lo convierte en un lugar ideal para  estudiar si realmente es posible que humanos y grandes depredadores \u201ccompartan tierras\u201d. <\/p>\n<p>Carter y sus colegas utilizaron datos  obtenidos con c\u00e1maras de campo detectoras de movimiento localizadas dentro y  fuera del Parque Nacional de Chitwan en 2010 y 2011. No s\u00f3lo la  densidad de tigres fue bastante elevada en ambos a\u00f1os sino que,  sorprendentemente, la densidad no fue significativamente distinta dentro y  fuera del parque. Aunque hab\u00eda mayor cantidad de seres humanos fuera del  parque, su presencia dentro de este fue todav\u00eda considerable; en total, los  seres humanos hicieron disparar el 85% de las c\u00e1maras. Los propios  investigadores se sorprendieron al descubrir que ni los humanos a pie (en su  mayor\u00eda recolectores de recursos forestales) ni los que iban en veh\u00edculos (sobre  todo personal del ej\u00e9rcito) tuvieron un efecto estad\u00edsticamente significativo  sobre la probabilidad de la presencia de tigres. Mientras que el 20% de las  detecciones de tigres en el parque ocurrieron durante horas del d\u00eda, s\u00f3lo el 5%  de las detecciones de tigres fuera del parque tuvieron lugar a esas horas. Por  lo tanto, los investigadores creen que los tigres ajustan sus actividades en  respuesta a la presencia humana, siendo menos activos cuando los pobladores  locales son m\u00e1s activos. <\/p>\n<p>Los resultados de este estudio son muy alentadores, y  tienen importantes implicaciones para el debate &nbsp;sobre compartir o ahorrar tierras: parece que  por lo menos es posible que seres humanos y algunos grandes depredadores  compartan tierras. Si los grandes depredadores son buenos indicadores de la  biodiversidad, entonces puede que no sea necesario reubicar a las poblaciones  locales y restringir estrictamente todas sus actividades para conservar  especies como los tigres. Por supuesto, los resultados de este estudio deben ser  verificados en otros lugares para extraer conclusiones de aplicaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s  general. Existen algunas razones para pensar que el caso de Chitwan pueda ser  el mejor escenario. Chitwan recibe cantidades excepcionales de apoyo  financiero, pol\u00edtico y t\u00e9cnico, lo que lo hace muy distinto de muchos de los  parques nacionales del mundo, especialmente aquellos en pa\u00edses en desarrollo.  Adem\u00e1s, no todos los depredadores son capaces de ajustar su comportamiento con  la misma eficacia que los tigres. Hay que a\u00f1adir que el estudio no indica si  hubo incidentes de ataques de tigres a humanos o al ganado, que pueden afectar  la buena disposici\u00f3n de los humanos para compartir la tierra con grandes depredadores.  No obstante, los resultados de este estudio ofrecen esperanza a quienes creen  que la coexistencia entre humanos y un gran depredador es por lo menos posible.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\n<ul>\n<li ><a href=\"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/search?author1=Binoj+K.+Shrestha&#038;sortspec=date&#038;submit=Submit\" target=\"_blank\" >Carter, N.H., Shrestha, B.K., Karki, J.B., Pradhan, N. and Liu, J. 2012. Coexistence between wildlife and humans at fine spatial scales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 109: 15360\u201365.<\/a><\/li>\n<li ><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/content\/327\/5967\/812.full\" target=\"_blank\" >Godfray, C.H.,  Beddington, J., Crute, I., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Miur, J., Pretty, J.,  Robinson, S., Thomas, S. and Toulmin, C. 2010. Food security: the challenge of  feeding 9 billion people. <em>Science<\/em> 327: 812\u201318.<\/a><\/li>\n<li ><a href=\"http:\/\/rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org\/content\/early\/2010\/03\/05\/rspb.2010.0171.full\/\" target=\"_blank\" >Karanth, K.K., Nichols, J.D., Karanth, K.U., Hines, J.E. and Christensen, N.L., Jr. 2010. The shrinking ark: patterns of large mammal extinctions in India. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277: 1971\u201379.<\/a><\/li>\n<li ><a href=\"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/107\/13\/5786.full\" target=\"_blank\" >Perfecto, I. and  Vandermeer, J. 2010. The agroecological matrix as alternative to the  land-sparing\/agriculture intensification model.<em> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA<\/em> 107: 5786&ndash;91.<\/a><\/li>\n<li ><a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/content\/333\/6047\/1289.full\" target=\"_blank\" >Phalan, B., Onial,  M., Balmford, A. and Green, R.E. 2011. Reconciling food production and biodiversity  conservation: land sharing and land sparing compared. <em>Science<\/em> 333: 1289\u201391.<\/a><\/li>\n<li ><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v436\/n7048\/full\/436192a.html\" target=\"_blank\" >Sergio, F., Newton, I.  and Marchesi, L. 2005. Conservation: Top predators and biodiversity. <em>Nature<\/em> 436: 192.<\/a><\/li>\n<li ><a href=\"http:\/\/eprints.icrisat.ac.in\/6338\/\" target=\"_blank\" >Tscharntke, T., Clough, Y., Wanger, T.C., Jackson, L., Motzke, I., Perfecto, I., Vandermeer, J. and Whitbread, A. 2012. Global food security, biodiversity conservation and the future of agricultural intensification. <em>Biological Conservation<\/em> 151: 53\u201359.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Lecturas adicionales: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/8110\/land-sharing-or-land-sparing-reconciling-agriculture-and-biodiversity-conservation\/#.UHZ_icW7IWI\">Land sharing or land sparing? Reconciling agriculture and biodiversity conservation<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":31,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[6090],"tags":[],"language":[2169],"location":[],"tag-bahasa":[],"tag-espanol":[],"tag-francais":[],"type-espanol":[3103],"type-bahasa":[],"type-english":[],"type-francais":[],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-1246","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-forests-news","language-espanol","type-espanol-opinan-los-expertos"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.4 (Yoast SEO v28.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Compartiendo la tierra con tigres en Nepal - Landscape Alliance Forests News<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.forestsnews.org\/es\/1246\/compartiendo-la-tierra-con-tigres-en-nepal-2\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Compartiendo la tierra con tigres en Nepal\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Carter, N.H., Shrestha, B.K., Karki, J.B., Pradhan, N. and Liu, J. 2012. Coexistence between wildlife and humans at fine spatial scales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 109: 15360\u201365.           Godfray, C.H., Beddington, J., Crute, I., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Miur, J., Pretty, J., Robinson, S., Thomas, S. and Toulmin, C. 2010. Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science 327: 812\u201318.             Karanth, K.K., Nichols, J.D., Karanth, K.U., Hines, J.E. and Christensen, N.L., Jr. 2010. The shrinking ark: patterns of large mammal extinctions in India. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277: 1971\u201379.             Perfecto, I. and Vandermeer, J. 2010. The agroecological matrix as alternative to the land-sparing\/agriculture intensification model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 107: 5786&ndash;91.             Phalan, B., Onial, M., Balmford, A. and Green, R.E. 2011. Reconciling food production and biodiversity conservation: land sharing and land sparing compared. Science 333: 1289\u201391.             Sergio, F., Newton, I. and Marchesi, L. 2005. Conservation: Top predators and biodiversity. Nature 436: 192.             Tscharntke, T., Clough, Y., Wanger, T.C., Jackson, L., Motzke, I., Perfecto, I., Vandermeer, J. and Whitbread, A. 2012. Global food security, biodiversity conservation and the future of agricultural intensification. Biological Conservation 151: 53\u201359.                                 Lecturas adicionales: Land sharing or land sparing? 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Coexistence between wildlife and humans at fine spatial scales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 109: 15360\u201365.           Godfray, C.H., Beddington, J., Crute, I., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Miur, J., Pretty, J., Robinson, S., Thomas, S. and Toulmin, C. 2010. Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science 327: 812\u201318.             Karanth, K.K., Nichols, J.D., Karanth, K.U., Hines, J.E. and Christensen, N.L., Jr. 2010. The shrinking ark: patterns of large mammal extinctions in India. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 277: 1971\u201379.             Perfecto, I. and Vandermeer, J. 2010. The agroecological matrix as alternative to the land-sparing\/agriculture intensification model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 107: 5786&ndash;91.             Phalan, B., Onial, M., Balmford, A. and Green, R.E. 2011. Reconciling food production and biodiversity conservation: land sharing and land sparing compared. Science 333: 1289\u201391.             Sergio, F., Newton, I. and Marchesi, L. 2005. Conservation: Top predators and biodiversity. Nature 436: 192.             Tscharntke, T., Clough, Y., Wanger, T.C., Jackson, L., Motzke, I., Perfecto, I., Vandermeer, J. and Whitbread, A. 2012. Global food security, biodiversity conservation and the future of agricultural intensification. Biological Conservation 151: 53\u201359.                                 Lecturas adicionales: Land sharing or land sparing? 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